Exceptions to Fundamental Rights

Article 31A: Saving of laws providing for acquisition of estates etc.

  • It saves five categories of laws from being challenges and invalidated on the ground of contravention of article 14 and article 19
  • Acquisition of states and related rights by the state
  • Taking over the management of properties by the state
  • Amalgamation of corporations
  • Extinguishment or modification of rights of directors or shareholders of corporations and
  • Extinguishment or modification of mining leases

Article 31B: Validation of certain acts and regulations

  • It saves the acts and regulations included in the 9th schedule from being challenged and invalidated on the ground of contravention of any of ....
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Indian Polity And Governance