Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude

• Integrity is a personal quality of fairness that we all aspire to. Having integrity means doing the right thing in a reliable way. It’s a personality trait that we admire, since it means a person has a moral compass that doesn’t waver. Integrity is an important component of any member of any organisation. Even if a member of an organisation is an intelligent and energetic person without integrity, an organization would be unable to function lawfully and effectively.
• Famously persons like Charles Ponzi, Harshad Mehta and Jordan Belfort who have been convicted of financial fraud were all intelligent and energetic persons who had a knack for the work they were doing however without integrity. They chose to use their considerable powers in an unlawful manner and when the laws caught up to them, they were punished and gained notoriety. Lack of integrity also breeds corruption, nepotism and lackadaisical attitude and it is difficult to therefore run an organization without the help of persons of high integrity and it is why managers, administrators and entrepreneurs usually look in addition to the oft publicised qualities like intelligence and energy, a person of high levels of integrity.

Answer : Over the course of one’s career as a public servant, one would come across several perplexing scenarios which could result in difficult decisions. In such cases, there are clear and present rules which list down standard operating procedures and instructions on how to deal with such situations, the powers and functions of these entities.

• Public service rules are however, not totally inclusive or exhaustive and from time to time require that the public servant exercise his/her judgement in addition to following the rules to ensure that good service delivery is carried out to the public.
• An example of this would be public servants during emergencies, special circumstances and disasters. Just because it is an emergency situation and public servants have far more discretionary powers than during a normal time, it does not mean that they can use those powers to curtail the rights of any section of the community and/or discriminate between communities and regions. Governments in many disaster hit regions of India have instructed public servants to pay out (post disaster), suitable compensation for any private services requisitioned during that time.
• Similarly, in bringing connectivity to remote areas by building roads bridges etc, public servants have to be aware of the costs of these ventures, especially in terms of the environment. If the environmental and ecological costs are too high, they should consider alternate ideas for executing the project.
• These examples go on to show that, sometimes doing a good thing in public service may leave you with several discretionary powers and these powers could result in the execution of several things which may not have been prohibited expressly but could be questioned later on the basis of their intent and/or consequences. Public servants therefore have to be aware of such intricacies and take decisions considering not only written down rules but also unwritten considerations and ensure good governance.

Answer : What this quote by Abraham Lincoln refers to is the existence of a perpetual grey area in almost every conceivable realm especially in that relating to governmental policy and public administration. In the present context, the dilemma between development and ecological degradation is classic example of this kind of grey area. Neither of these two is wholly good or wholly evil and it is essential to get a balance between both to ensure that neither of these important components is overlooked in the pursuit of the other.

• Another instance of this is the field of journalism wherein reporters and editors engage in issues between free and fair reportage and the business needs of TRPs and sensational practices like yellow journalism which are what sells in the present context.
• What is required to tackle such situations is a refined sense of judgement a particular problem can be taken up on a case by case basis and can be solved by an innovative and relevant solution which adjusts to the needs of all stakeholders in the best possible manner.
• In the development vs. ecology conundrum, such an approach has led to several innovations like the formation of non lethal animal deterrence, the creation of several animal corridors so that animals can migrate from one protected region to a nearby one by navigation over/under development indicators like highways, railway lines and power pylons.
• Therefore, firstly we should realise that not everything is wholly evil or good and then we should apply such realisation to find out innovative solutions to our problems.

Answer : Mahatma Gandhi was a champion of understanding, so much so that he sought to understand even the nature of his captors and tormentors, the British and sought to separate the policies of the government from its people. Therefore he opines also that in order to understand any issues correctly, one needs to let go of his/her anger and intolerance.

• This advice in the present context is relevant because of several incidents where life, property and social capital have become victims of anger and intolerance. Instances of lynching over the food habits of persons, alleged rumors of crimes like child kidnapping, communal violence and linguistic, regional and sub regional chauvinism are all a result of insufficient understanding and intolerant attitudes.
• Several organisations and governments today are acting out to combat this anger and intolerance in society. For example, government initiatives like ‘"Ek Bharat Shreshtha Bharat" aims to promote interactions between states and promote tolerance. Similarly, NGOs are playing a vital part today in mainstreaming and promoting understanding about marginalised communities like the LGBTQI community. Interestingly, many cross border initiatives, especially on social media platforms like Facebook, like the stories of partition Facebook page, aims to confront difficult and sensitive issues like the 1947 partition between India and Pakistan and pave way for proper understanding and interaction.
• These initiatives are in themselves a start and need to be followed up by both organisational impetuses from governments and civil society as well as a people’s movement so that the idea of proper understanding as envisioned by Gandhiji becomes a reality.

Answer : The Tirukkural emphasizes the importance of the common good as an end to itself and in this regard, it opines that falsehood can take the place of truth if the latter can result in good all around.

• In the present context, one can take the example of public administration during emergencies. If one were to predict and forecast an impending disaster as coming ahead of time, it would result in common good as it would help start coordinate and execute an orderly evacuation process. Similarly, if a village headman (shaman, priest, pandit, etc) says that those who do not vaccinate their children shall face divine questioning, it too would result in the good of the community.
• However, these issues too could have negative repercussions. Preempting a disaster forecast could lead to panic among people and threatening people with divine intervention could alienate some people instead of ensuring a healthy future generation.
• So in elimination of truth, even in light of common good should be taken up with care and with utmost caution and in present context should be looked at a multi stakeholder prism in order to ensure that any eventual solution is to the satisfaction of all.

Answer : The terms “Code of Ethics” and “Code of Conduct” are often mistakenly used interchangeably. They are, in fact, two unique documents. Codes of ethics, which govern decision-making, and codes of conduct, which govern actions, represent two common ways that companies self-regulate.

• Code of Ethics: Sometimes referred to as a Value Statement, it behaves like the Constitution with general principles to guide behavior, outlining a set of principles that affect decision-making. For example, if an organization is committed to protecting the environment and “being green”, the Code of Ethics will state that there is an expectation for any employee faced with a problem, to choose the most “green” solution. It works on the bases of “treat others as you would like to be treated.” When faced with ethical dilemmas or debatable situations, what’s articulated in the Code of Ethics can help guide decision making.
• Code of Conduct: It provides the meat and potatoes to the Code of Ethics. A Code of Conduct applies the Code of Ethics to a host of relevant situations. A particular rule in the Code of Ethics might state that all employees will obey the laws; a Code of Conduct might list several laws relevant to different areas of organizational operations, or industry, that employees need to obey. The Code of Conduct outlines specific behaviours that are required or prohibited as a condition of ongoing employment. It might forbid sexual harassment, racial intimidation or viewing inappropriate or unauthorized content on company computers. Codes, along with other measures, have helped some companies dig themselves out of scandals, and have helped many companies build a healthier work climate and reputation.

Answer : In the context of civil services, three of the most basic values which are important for a civil servant are:

• Honesty: As civil service essentially involves the distribution of public resources to the public, honesty becomes an integral part of both professional and personal life of a civil servant. An honest civil servant will ensure a rule based work environment and abhor corruption, nepotism and misappropriation of resources in addition to promoting these values among his peers and colleagues thus improving civil service for all.
• Integrity: As representative of the public, it is important for civil servants to have a high level of integrity. This is because they handle not only a large amount of public funds but because they have the ability to punish, condemn and/or recommend persons for various issues and posts. To ensure that these functions are carried out smoothly and to maintain the trust of the public in them, integrity of a civil servant is of paramount importance.
• Teamwork: As the government machinery is a big structure with multiple cogs, civil servants are invariably part one team or another. In this context, in order for the entire system to work smoothly, civil servants have to be good team players. They need to be able to lead teams, resolve conflicts, delegate tasks, allocate resources and also follow orders from above in order to ensure that public service of a very high quality is provided to the people.

Note: Other qualities that can be included are probity, compassion and innovation.

Answer : Public interest is a common concern among citizens in the management and affairs of local, state, and national government. It does not mean mere curiosity but is a broad term that refers to the body politic and the public weal.

As civil servants, the principles and procedures that have to be followed in public interest are:

• Honesty: Whereby the public is made aware of the workings of governance via rules based structures and outlets like RTI (right to information) and all dealings of the government are based on honest and verified frameworks thus avoiding corruption and nepotism.
• Transparency: It ensures that procedures and processes, especially those involving public service delivery and allocation of resources are transparent and can be verified.
• Innovation and Flexibility: This makes civil servants adopt new policies and procedures in a graded and time bound manner for efficient public service delivery, like digitization and implementation of artificial intelligence and big data in distribution of benefits and in collecting data.
• Compassion and Empathy: It enable public interest to be served first and promote a spirit of service which would benefit all sections of the public, especially those who are in need of special attention like women, children, aged, tribals and minority communities.

Answer : The Right to Information Act, 2005 mandates timely response for citizen’s queries to the government. It has helped in citizen empowerment with the tools to hold the government accountable for its actions, encouraging citizens to be more aware of governance initiatives, empowering RTI based activism and inculcating a spirit of transparent and accountable governance.

It is said that it redefines the concept of accountability because:

• It makes seeking information and provision of information as the right of the public and the duty of the government respectively. Earlier methods like citizen’s charter, etc. were purely voluntary and incomplete.
• RTI sets up separate government machinery in the form of information commissioners to ensure smooth flow of information, a concern not legally addressed by earlier initiatives.
• Penal provision for non-accountability of government entities has been included to ensure proper adherence to procedures.

Answer : A conflict of interest is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another. Therefore, a conflict of interest should be discovered and voluntarily defused before any corruption occurs.

• Example: A manager who was promoted from a co-worker job where he worked with his wife and the promotion made him his wife's boss. So, the company, after discussion with the couple and HRD (Human Resources Department), transferred her to another department as there was a potential conflict of interest.
• However, an actual conflict of interest occurs when, a father who is head of admissions in a college uses his position in a conflict of interest to secure admission for his child or some other relative.
• Conflicts of interest can cause an employee to act out of interests that are divergent from those of his or her employer or co-workers. In workplaces, employees want to avoid any behavior or choices that could potentially signal a conflict of interest. They are bad news for the employee's reputation, integrity, and trustworthiness in the eyes of management.

Answer : An ethical dilemma is a decision that needs a choice among various principles, mostly in difficult and importance contexts. Personal self-interest should take a back seat over professional interests.

An ethical dilemma is more complex and demanding than a problem of what it appears to be. To resolve such ethical dilemmas, a lexical order or a sequence of logical reasoning sets is proposed to integrate and rearrange the process of dealing with ethical dilemmas. They are:

• Accountability: ‘Speaking truth to power’ is vital of professional ethics and integrity of civil servants and the administrative machinery of the state. It is then a fundamental ethical duty bearing on civil servants to show a spirit of neutrality and discretion and keep their own personal preferences out of administrative decisions and practices.
• Legality: The rule of law is fundamental and universal to politics and society. Respect and adherence to the principle of legality is an important requirement to exercise authority. Thus far enforcement of law can be first priority of an ethics reform strategy.
• Integrity: Public administration is inclusive of all public services exercising authority in accordance with public law and under the direction of ministers or officials, with professional integrity or autonomy. Administration is a profession with an essential precondition of practicing legitimacy, therefore knowledge and expertise should be used with certain standards defining professional ethics like avoiding corruption in delivery of public services etc.
• Responsiveness: Ethical reasoning in state action entails that public institutions be responsive to society and pay attention to the needs and demands of the people.

If these steps are followed diligently, ethical dilemmas can be solved in a fair, transparent and accountable manner taking along as far as possible most of the stakeholders in question.

Answer : Morality of actions is interpreted differently by different people and under different scenarios. Some believe that means are of the paramount importance. According to them, if an action has to be good, the means by which it is achieved should also be good. In other words, the journey justifies the destination. Great leaders like Gandhi, etc. subscribe to this line of thought. He chose the non violent means of confronting the British as he thought that this was the best means to achieve the end - that is independence.

• Others are of the opinion that the ends justify the means. This is more of a machiavellian line of thought which says that as long as the objective is met, it does not matter the means taken to achieve it. Some students justify lying on their resume because it could help them get a job. Some politicians make false promises to win back seats.
• However, while choosing between the two, it is difficult to arrive at a clear conclusion about appropriateness. This is because, in some cases the ends to justify the means. Killing a dangerous animal could be justified considering the risk it poses to human life around it. However, achieving the end that is political and gender equality should be taken up on a constructive engaging and non violent means so that it becomes a lasting change.
• Therefore, our views about ends and means should be taken up in a constructive case by case study keeping aside our biases and prejudices so that we may begin to understand the complexity of ethical dilemmas surrounding us.

Answer : Construction of power projects like dams are vital for the economic prosperity of a country. However, it could also adversely affect the population, sometimes mainly ethnic communities or tribals living in and around these regions. To deal with unforeseen contingencies arising from such construction, the government should adopt a rational policy which includes steps like:

• Research: Before, during and after construction of the dam. To assess the impact the project would have on the region, its people and ecology.
• Limits: On the height, width and capacity of the dam so as to minimise displacement of ethnic communities, destruction of forests and dangers of over capacity induced flooding during rainy season.
• Awareness: About the dam and its capacity, control, extent, limits, dangers, etc among the ethnic communities via sustained interaction and inclusive planning.
• Preparedness: Among local communities and dam authorities regarding unforeseen circumstances and designing a disaster management plan with local authorities and ethnic elders taken into confidence. Plan should contain details of escape routes, safest possible shelter points and different caches of essential emergency supplies across the region for use in need.
• Finance: For the speedy conception, design and implementation of the project along with the procurement, construction and training of volunteers and members of the community in question.

Such a rational policy would result in the project being constructed with transparency, accountability and most importantly it would go a long way in protecting the interests of the ethnic communities of the region.

Answer : Integrity may be defined in many ways like consistency between one’s values, principle and action. It can also be defined as the state of being whole, entire, or undiminished. The “whole” implies that the various parts that comprise something are balanced and related to each other concordantly. No part of it is unbalanced or compromised.In other words, integrity is the quality of being fully honest, truthful and just.

• The real essence of integrity is absolute refusal to get influenced to compromise on honesty and core values to ensure complete integrity. Neither threat nor benefit might influence such person or organisation to ‘settle’ on uprightness, sincerity and ideals.
• To explain above reference, here is a real life example. To implement free and fair election, 10th Chief Election Commissioner T.N. Seshan refused to bow down to various intervention and political pressure inflicted on him. During his term as Election Commissioner, he wanted to conduct free and fair elections. He was not ready to compromise even if he had to take decisions to not conduct the elections completely and also did not hesitate to knock on the doors of Supreme Court. One such incident is when he was not ready to give in on security issues in Tamil Nadu to conduct fair election. When Union Home Secretary refused to obey the order of Election Commission then, T.N. Seshan refused to conduct election in an unsecured environment.
• He prevented the misuse of government machinery which would have favored the ruling party and create an uneven playing field for all political parties. Due to such high standards of integrity, he could take firm steps like cancelling elections in Bihar and Punjab. He implemented various reforms like voter identity cards, strict implementation of election code of conduct and much more.
• All these reforms and progress was possible only because of his complete refusal to compromise with the fairness of elections.

Answer : People are adopting ‘pragmatic approach’ to achieve wealth and social status without inspecting its ethicality. In the short run, these approaches can find a place among the people, but its long-term benefits are doubtful.

• Value ethics means being good to appreciate deeds with full heart. Ethical crisis starts with narrowness in judging good life and it is distorting humanity.
• This can be seen in many instances in real life. People prioritise material over value. The ‘Ends’ have become an important feature than ‘Means’. How good is your job and what designation you hold in that job have taken precedence over the fact whether you do it with commitment and dedication or integrity and honesty.
• Living a good life can mean something different for everyone. Although happiness and its meaning are judged as overwhelming indicators of the good life, cultural differences have emerged in the importance of wealth to justify good life. As human beings by nature try to gain, they prefer values which enable them to earn profits. Materialistic ambition has taken preference. Greed over need have become the new mantra.
• The adage of contemporary times, ‘Work smart not hard’ have taken over the adage of yesteryears, ‘No shortcut to success without hard work’. This all signifies the changes in the present value system and showcases how the ethical values have eroded over the years. Thus, it is necessary to inculcate morality in these systems to reduce gaps between good life and sustainable life.

Answer : Discipline means adhering to standards which is essential for good performance and productivity of any organisation. It is defined in terms of adherence to the company rules, regulations, systems, and processes.It is intended to promote a minimum acceptable behavior by employees.

Discipline ensures smooth functioning and helps in creating a healthy business environment. But overuse of discipline- following the order and subordination make it counterproductive in many ways.

1. Subordination of people or staff in any organisation suppresses their freedom of expression or speech. This leads to lack of feedback, because of the fear of negative repercussions. This is counterproductive to the efficiency of organisation. Many a times this also leads to such big failures that organisation collapses.
2. Extreme focus on making people follow the order makes them mechanical. They become unhappy worker and lose their creativity. Their mechanical nature brings down productivity.
3. Such mechanisation and subordination of people in organisation kills innovation and in this competitive and connected world, no organisation can sustain without innovation.
4. It also generates resentment among employee who are human being who aspire reason, rationality, independence and freedom to contribute according to their rationality. This subordination suppresses the very human nature which generates resentment among employee and becomes counterproductive for organisation.

It is clear that if discipline implies following the order and subordination to the rule; (i) it will be detrimental to the organization. However, if discipline means adhering to the standards but giving operational independence to achieve those standards then benefits of discipline will have an everlasting impact.

Answer : A moral value is a universally accepted principle that governs the day to day living of life. These principles are important in maintaining unity, harmony and honour between people. Moral values are usually communal and shared by the public in general, thus if there is no agreement among community members no moral values will be established.

• For example, peace, freedom, equal rights and human dignity are universally accepted moral values. These values help an individual attain optimum potential. Neither the law, nor democratic government nor even the market economy will function properly.
• The law is a system of rules that a society or government develops in order to deal with crime, business agreements, and social relationships. Moral values in law which are required are – Rule of law, Justice, Fairness and Human Rights, etc. These rights are essential for a society to work according to law and order. If each individual pursues his own interest and liberty, then the society would be in chaos. Law is a reflection, within the structural constraints of a society’s legal system, of the moral values of that society
• Let’s discuss the moral values in democratic government. The shared moral values in the democratic government are – Equality, Equity, Participation, Voice and accountability, Responsibility, etc. The moral ideal of democracy is widely accepted. Polls show that allover the world, democracy is well accepted by a vast majority of people. If the government do not have the above values then the welfare of the people becomes endangered. Therefore, the maintenance and the development of democracy requires that citizens develop high moral-democratic competencies, e.g., the competence to make judgments based on moral principles and to enter a moral discourse with others, especially with opponents and even enemies, to solve conflicts democratically.
• With respect to moral values of market economy, the shared values are – Adherence to highest standard of quality, Empathy for weaker sections and vulnerable people, Shared prosperity or profits, Giving back to the community, etc. If the market solely focuses on the supply and demand of goods and services, and sole aim is profit, then it may result in failure of the market. An ethos of individual utility that supplants the ethos for the common good, i.e., the market, is not a viable prescription for economic behavior.
• Law, democratic government and market principles are intricately linked together. They work as the sum of the whole parts. No part can work if any part misses the shared moral values.

Answer : Ambition & passion give immense drive to the person to move forward and remain in action continuously. But it does not necessarily manifold into a movement in right direction. If passion involves self-interest, self-admiration and high handedness then it can lead to creation of gas chambers like in Second World War. So, the principles which directs ambition and passion decides the direction in which a man moves. Whether man moves in ethical & harmonious way or in opposite direction is decided by his principles.

(i)Rulers who harmed society and country

(a) Hitler

(b) Mussolini

• These were the two rulers who were born with great ambition, determination and passion. But they were driven by their selfish interest. They were not empathetic. They worked with narrow vision to serve their own interest or at most for small groups dependent on them. Thereby larger interests of humanity were ignored or rather they worked against larger interest of humanity. It tarnished the society and their country.
• They were apathetic to others. This led to barbarous death of many innocent human being in gas chambers. They became so barbaric that they even used the dead bodies for their benefit. Evil passion of both the rulers led millions of people into death and their society and country both were harmed.
• Not only their countries-Germany and Italy, but they themselves were also harmed in the ultimate end. This is clear from the suicidal end of Hitler. So, it’s clear that if passion is directed under selfish and unethical principles then not only it harms society and country but also harmthemselves.

Rulers who worked for development of society

(a) Great Ashoka

(b) Great Akbar

• They were the great ruler of past. They were also ambitious and worked with passion. But they worked under larger humanitarian principles.
• Their action led to tolerance and harmony in the society. They worked towards the welfare of the people. They did not abuse their position for personal welfare. The administration of Ashoka and Akbar were based on the principles of the moral and material welfare of people. They both extended equal treatment to all classes of their subject irrespective of the faiths they professed. They pursued a liberal and benevolent policy and believed that the end of government was to promote the welfare of the governed. They did not work for narrow interest or under selfish motives. Thus, they became great rulers.
• Such contributions were extended later by leader like Gandhiji who taught the importance of means. Similarly, the principles are more important which directs the passion.

Answer : Emotional Intelligence (EI) is the capability of individuals to recognize their own emotions and those of others, discern between different feelings and label them appropriately, use emotional information to guide thinking and behavior, and manage and/or adjust emotions to adapt to environments or achieve one’s goal. Many administrators who are very talented academically, having high qualifications, high IQ but lack social skills. They have little feeling for others, which ultimately fails the administration. So, application of emotional intelligence is immensely important for administrative practices.

How I will apply?

• I will apply emotional intelligence for self-awareness to identify my emotions. This will help me manage my negative emotions (anger, jealously, frustration, disengagement, etc.) which may have impacted my boss, clients, and co-workers. This will help me in managing my emotions on the job so I don’t have knee-jerk reactions or make inappropriate or off-putting comments.
• It will also help me in taking an honest look at my own strengths and weaknesses. And thus, I could actively work on improving my weak areas.
• Emotional intelligence is the training of self and others so as to make officials understand the feeling and response of public better. There could be fruitful interaction between people and administration. Administration could become sensitive to people and their issues.
• I will keep myself motivated by the passion and enthusiasm for my work — beyond my position, status, or income. I will be driven by my energy and fulfillment in my work, which will help me in pursuing the goals with persistence and make me highly productive.
• I will establish better coordination and understanding with superior and subordinates. This will make administration efficient.
• I will also conduct emotional intelligence audit for self and other officials regularly to keep administration responsive and sensitive to the public.

Emotion arises in response to development to surroundings. So, if we become emotionality intelligent then through tone, gesture, facial expression, language, etc. we can identify the feeling of self and others. This is very beneficial to direct conversations in a purposive manner. Ultimately such interaction leads to directed actions in desired direction.

Answer : William Wordsworth once said, a child is the father of the man. This means that an adult is the product of the habits, manners and behavior that he inculcated during his childhood. We know that a child is unshaped clay which can be molded into any shape. To have a country free of corruption and nation of beautiful minds requires us to shape the child beliefs and behaviours to instill in him virtuous manners and ethical beliefs. Importance of three key societal members mentioned by APJ Abdul Kalam should be analysed in light of above mentioned facts.

• Individual’s personality is reflection of his teachings from his surroundings. Thoughts and beliefs which guides one’s behaviour and action is not produced out of vacuum. These are shaped by teachings and child observation during his childhood. One’s personality is formed from his thought, belief and imagination of self and others.
• Basically, what kind of human being one becomes and what kind of traits one achieves depends on his childhood experiences and training. Father and mother shape the child’s thoughts and behavior at home while teacher does it in the school. A child spends his majority of time with these three key societal members. He not only learns what is consciously taught to him but subconsciously also learns what is not taught. Thus, mother, father and teacher can shape the child to become a caring, responsible, empathic, honest and sincere human being.If all the children experience such shaping then the country will become corruption free. Because a country is the representation of its people. Nature of country is reflected in the beliefs and ideals of its citizens.
• However, to shape the child to become honest, the trainers should also be honest, genuine and conscientious. It is the responsibility of the three-key societal member to provide the child with good value system and moral philosophy. It is not that the three-key societal members can automatically make the difference. But the three key societal members should first themselves become noble human beings to make the country corruption free.

Answer : Civil Service is based on righteous conduct and moral code. Moral ethical character is very relevant to Civil Service as it assures good governance. These ethical values make this service a civilized service. Examination of its relevance for civil service is as follows:

(a) Transparency means openness of decision making person and default setting in government. Excessive secrecy can undermine the quality of public decision-making and prevent citizens from checking the abuses of public power. This can have a corrosive effect on virtually all aspects of society and governance.

• Thus, it is relevant for civil service as it removes arbitrariness and discretion from Civil Service and facilitates rule of law.

(b) Accountability is answerability towards duty and objective achievements. Its relevance to Civil Service is that it ensures responsibility and fulfilment of desired objectives. It ensures collective responsibility of officials to preserve the public’s trust in government by delivering on policy outcomes and safeguarding taxpayer funds.

(c) Fairness & Justice is impartial treatment without any discrimination and reasonableness. This brings all round development in society and make development sustainable. Fairness and Justice approach focuses on the fair and equitable distribution of goods and services, and the social benefits and social costs, across the spectrum of society.

(d) Courage of conviction is the courage to act in accordance with what is right. This ensures Civil Servants to take firm decision in right direction in spite of any difficulty or pressure. Such Civil Servants listen to their moral consciousness to work for the welfare of the people without fear of criticism and repercussions.

Answer : Conflict of interest is a situation where any person or organization has multiple interest in an issue and there is a conflict between two or more interests. This could result in corrupting the motivation or decision making of an individual.

Conflicts of interest interfere with the basic ethical principle of fairness, i.e. treating everyone the same. A public official should not take unfair advantage of his or her position by voting on a matter that could benefit him at the expense of others.

It is a very common and important ethical issue in administration.

Ways to resolve conflict of interests in administration:

• Development of clear policy on disclosure of all interest, stakes and property of administrator and his/her family member. For example, a candidate standing for election must disclose his and his family interest and financial dealings while filing the nomination papers.
• Dissemination of this disclosed information.
• Development of clear policy and penal provisions for not disclosing various interests and stakes.
• Identification of primary and secondary interests should be clear according to duty and primacy should be given to primary interest to resolve conflict of interest.
• Training of public officials to give primacy to official duties and public interest over personal interest.
• If conflict is not resolved then recuse himself/herself from duty with disclosure of personal interest.

Descriptive example

• Let’s say, a Health Secretary of a State has to investigate an accident in a corporate hospital which is owned by his son. Then the relationship with his son may influence the investigation report and official duty and public interest will be compromised.
• Therefore, in this case, personal interest of Health Secretary should be clearly disclosed, then only a neutral and impartial enquiry could be conducted. Also, the Secretary should rescue himself from the case.
• A public servant must always put the common good ahead of any personal, financial, or political benefit he might receive from a decision.

Answer : Corporate social responsibility is not mere donation of money to charitable and nonprofit entities rather it is much more extensive. Many may see it as a burden which decreases the profit. But, if the real meaning of corporate social responsibility is understood and if implemented in letter and spirit then companies can attain unimaginable heights. It not only makes company more profitable but make the profit sustainable.

• To analyse CSR we need to see the effects of it. It is the endorsement of “stakeholder’s approach” where people, society, region, environment and company all are stakeholders in company’s program. Any company cannot be successful without consumer acceptance.
• A responsible CSR creates a very credible image of company, its product and services. Consumers continue to support the company due to such credible image. Word of mouth publicity takes place which is much more effective than regular advertisement. Cost of promotion decreases without any decrease or increase in sales. Relationship with client is maintained at a higher level and there is positive impact in community about the company.
• Another stream of benefit is that the positive image of company makes the employees happy who contributes with better productivity. Such efficient employees are retained. It further attracts talented pool of workers. Thereby continuous innovation occurs in the company on the basis of talent. All this makes the company much more profitable.
• Responsible implementation of CSR also generates immense goodwill in the community. Thereby approval of plans by authority and acceptance among people and community is generated. People start to identify themselves with such credible company. Such image becomes very effective for its new venture or expansion. It can be understood by the example of land acquisition for two companies out of which, one is very credible and other has bad image among public.
• As people have faith in the first company, they might agree to give land to the company. Since, they do not doubt the credentials of the company, they have confidence that the company will not cheat them. However other company with bad image may not succeed to acquire land even with higher prices. Because people have trust issues with the latter company.
• So, it is clear that CSR is the opportunity to show caring nature of company to its clients and community. CSR can promote respect for their company in the marketplace which can result in higher sales, enhance employee loyalty and attract better personnel to the firm. Also, CSR activities focusing on sustainability issues may lower costs and improve efficiencies as well.

Answer : Overall international relations and even ethics in international relation is guided from national interest perspective. Strength, peace and security are not only the pillars of international relation but also of national interest.

• Strength is a very important pillar of international relation. This strength could be in many fields like economy, science, space technology, medicine, culture, etc. As it is already clear that international relations operate under national interest. No nation spends energy or time where there is no benefit. Relations are maintained with inherent give and take perspective.
• It is clearly visible if we take the example of successful Mars Orbiter Mission after which all the advance space agencies like NASA and others wanted high stakes cooperation with India and ISRO. Further the proposal of SAARC Satellite strengthened the cooperation of India with her neighbours.
• It is clear that nation’s strength attracts others towards it for cooperation. Before the success of ISRO in 1990 no agency was ready to cooperate. There were restrictions over technologies like cryogenics. But now with enhanced strength in technical field, most nations want to cooperate with India for space technologies. It happens in other fields also. For example, India prefers cooperation with Israel for defence and agriculture despite having difference over Palestine issue. This is because of high strength of Israel in those fields.
• Similarly, peace is also very important pillar of international relation. A nation wants to achieve growth and progress. But progress and development cannot occur without peace. If a country is continuously engaged in war then it will lose its time and resources which could have been spent on its development. Therefore, peace is the core principle of largest international organization - The UNITED NATIONS.
• The other two pillars necessarily require security as 3rd pillar for international relations. Cooperation is sought in international relation to establish security. This security is not limited to military security only but extends to food security, energy security, etc also. Security is the necessary precondition for peace and strength. Unless there is secured environment, peace and prosperity cannot be achieved. Therefore, it is correct to consider strength, peace and security as pillars of international relations.

Answer : GDP of nations and world is growing and so is the wealth. But the enhanced wealth is limited to very few. Not all are having shares to this growing wealth and distribution of wealth post growth is not effective. Growth coupled with poor redistribution had led to creation of islands of prosperity in a sea of poverty. This is happening in almost every nation including India. To justify it we need some data and study reports.

Various studies

1. 1922 – 2014, From British Raj to Billionaire Raj is the report about India which claims inequality in income has reach to its maximum since 1922.
2. World Bank uses Gini Coefficient which also indicated rising inequality.
3. World Wealth Report also suggest similar findings.
4. Various OECD studies indicates stark inequality.
5. Some reports indicate that three richest people in the world possess more financial assets than the lowest 48 nations combined.
6. OXFAM claimed that 85 wealthiest individuals in the world have a combined wealth equal to bottom 50% of the world’s population.

Such stark inequality is definitely creating prosperity and modernity in enclaves for small minority. On one side, best scientists are working hard to develop medical science to produce organs from stem cells which will eventually help the rich person to have ‘on demand organs’. On the other side poor are not even getting primary healthcare even for minor fever. The unequal prosperity has created a minority section which own private jets while poor find it hard to buy even a ticket of public transport. Now it’s not the simple question of unequal distribution of wealth rather the inequality has reached such a level that for one section continuing their life has become a challenging task. Thereby continuation of life every day becomes an achievement to them. The consequent inequality is because of following ethical dimensions:

• lack of honesty: crony capitalism;
• irresponsible governance: lack of people centric approach and dearth of requisite capabilities to provide good governance; and
• lack of compassion: due to which affluent have not taken active steps to reduce economic inequality.

The nations of the world have not reached such destination just because of coincidence or higher efficiency of few wealthy. Unequal system and unequal rule of law has also contributed to it. There is no equal access to education and government focuses on policies to increase the wealth of those who are already wealthy.

There is need to correct it and focus should be brought to distribution of added wealth equality otherwise modernity and prosperity itself will become endangered.

Answer : Every country has the government it deserves. If governance is by men who are derelict, the governed will suffer. We have to keep in mind Plato’s injunction: “The punishment suffered by the wise who refuse to take part in government, is to suffer under the government of bad men”.

The essence of above lines should be communicated to youth who are critical of government and its policies but are reluctant to join politics.

Steps to motivate them to come forward:

• Benefits of ethical politics, duty of a citizen to clean politics should be emphasized in school, college and other institutions by including the content in their syllabus and curriculum.
• Stories, movies, drama, nukkad natak (street drama) should be used to convey message on how people are suffering from bad politics because wise and ethical people refuse to join politics.
• Youth should be made to realize his duty to clean politics. The country’s future is in their hands. They should decide, whether they want to develop their country by participating or let dirty politics destroy their country by remaining aloof.
• Steps should be taken to create an ethical and righteous culture of politics where new youth brigade could nurture and flourish.
• Role models and success stories of real life should be propagated to inspire and motivate them to join politics.
• A clear and virtuous space should be created in politics for young people with ethical conduct. Such young leaders should be identified. As Kiren Bedi once mentioned in one of her interviews that “the youth must enter politics, but only consider it as a public service and not for the sake of powers.” Young leaders having enthusiasm, zeal and interest to clean politics should be identified and nominated for elections.

In near future, if these initiatives take up a larger shape, then we would surely be able to see some new young Ministers who would learn from the experiences of their seniors and at the same time would enhance the vision of developing India with their dedication and passion towards building up a better India.

Answer : Swachh Bharat Abhiyan aims for a behavioral and infrastructural change is India to make country clean by October 2019. Through this programme government aims to change the perspective of people about sanitation.

• The role of social influence and persuasion becomes important here. Social influence and persuasion refers to change in behavior that one person caused in another intentionally or unintentionally, as a result of the way the changed person perceives themselves in relationship to the influencer, other people and society in general.
• People used to act in a way as their role model acts or behave. Keeping in mind, government initiated to create a chain of people who will work together and inspire others to clean their surroundings. For example Vidya Balan (an actress) is campaigning for toilets in every home for women. It has led to a new awareness among the rural woman against open defecation.
• Thus, social influence and persuasion can be an effective tool. It also need to include political leader, socially renowned person at local level.
• Together with it government also need to focus on infrastructures facilitates like toilet, water etc.

Answer : Values are standards, rules, criteria, attitudes, beliefs and other important things, which plays a crucial role in shaping the life of an individual. Our attitudes toward life, work, other people and society are generally shaped unconsciously by the family, friends, neighbors, teachers, mass media and so on.

Some of the undesirable attitudes and values shaped unconsciously are:

1. Gender discrimination: Involvement of women mostly in household work and less participation in decision making leads to gender based behavioral pattern in children.
2. Individualism and materialism
3. Insensitivity towards poor people and other unprivileged sections of society.
4. Lack of integrity and truthfulness in public and private life.
5. Growing of greed over need in Individual’s life.
6. Intolerance
7. Apathy towards the miseries of deprived community.

These unconsciously developed attitudes and values are undesirable in the citizens of a modern democratic and egalitarian society.

Answer : (a) Answer: Anger is an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage. Anger involves aggressiveness and natural outflow of emotions.

• During anger, people behave unconsciously. They lost control over their act which results into undesirable actions and emotions for example an employee who is who is unable to meet target due to huge workload does is Unable to get recreational leave, neither he is able to spend time with his family. After Some time he surround himself with an unpleasant atmosphere and reacts aggressively in office as well as his home also. It hampers his relationship with his client and his other family members.
• Anger makes a person impolite and it would aggravate the social environment.

(b) Answer: Anger can be managed and controlled. The way involves:

1. Meditation and yoga e.g. vipassana Meditation.
   1. Breathe awareness programme.
2. Developing habit to not react instantaneously
3. Avoid unnecessary and unfruitful debate.
4. Proper break in working pattern and a sound sleep at home.

Answer : Mahatma Gandhi seven sins include:

1. Wealth without work this refers to the practice of getting something for nothing. It involves gambling, corruption fraudulent practices etc. It leads to corruption and exploitation of the resources for personal gain at the cost of society at large.
2. Pleasure without conscience: many people want pleasure without sense of responsibility even abandoning spouses or children in the name of doing their thing. The ultimate costs of pleasure without conscience are high as measure in terms of wounding the hearts and minds of other people who are adversely affected by those who just want to indulge and gratify themselves in short-term.
3. Knowledge without character: it is one among most dangerous sin. Difference between Osama bin laden and A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is prominent example. Knowledge without character is a threat to survival of entire humanity.
4. Commerce without morality, every single economic activity should be focus on welfare of society at large. Only profit maximization leads to severe exploitation. For example, it Doctors are indulging only in money making then they will lose their utmost position in society.
5. Science without humanity. If technology will lack their human perspective, mankind will become victim of their own invention. Use of nuclear bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki is best example of it.
6. Religion without sacrifice: the fundamental behind religion is establishing peace and prosperity of all. It is only possible when people will serve the society and sacrifice their individualistic nature. Mother Teresa has been regarded as a saint because of her social service and devotion to humanity.
7. Politics without principle. Political leaders are torch bearers of the society and if they will lack moral principle, they no more serve the society. Today’s criminalization of politics and corruption is becoming a norm due to lack do principle.

Thus, Mahatma Gandhi’s seven sins are necessary to follow in action for the benefit of humanity at large. It ensures morality requires in a society for their proper functioning and respects every human kind equally.

Answer : In a theory of justice Rawls first introduced his theory of justice as fairness, a viewpoint that suggests that when making decisions one must always consider the greater good and aim to be equitable it was through this justice as fairness model that Rawls created his two principle of justice, which in turn fostered the ideas of the original position and the view of ignorance.

• In his idea of original position, John Rawls asked to set up fair guidelines to ensure the wellbeing of society at large. Rawls agrees that the notion of the origin position is a purely hypothetical situation. he believes that there are not really any situations that directly mimic those he has theoretically created. However, the decision maker should apply the ideas of the original position to their daily decision making in order to be more just.
• According to John rawls, the vell exists when rational citizens make decisions based on general consider actions, without knowing anything about their own personal situation. The bell of ignorance is present when the decision maker recognizes the importance of the original position.
• Also John rawls emphasizes on principle of equal liberty and the difference principle. The principle of equal liberty is an egalitarian philosophy that sates that the liberties you enjoy should be equal to the liberties shared among the others members of society. While the difference principle believes that equality will inevitably exist within a social and economic model, however a long as these equalities are going to better the lives of the under privileged, they are right.

Answer : Civil servants are entrusted with the authority and responsibility to serve the public. They enjoy discretionary power while taking important decision which sometimes leads to biased and non-impartial derision. Also, civil servants require to reflect absolute integrity in division making.

Thus, to ensure affection efficiency without compromising other – desired characteristic, A Second Administrative reform commission has recommended public service code which includes:

1. A clear and concise statement of the value and ethical standard at the top level bureaucracy.
2. Code of ethics at middle level to govern the behavior of a civil servant.
3. Code of conduct at the third level which prescribes acceptable behavior and actions.
4. Code of ethics should be given a statutory backing.

Public service code recommended by second ARC is an attempt to ensure transparency, accountability and effectiveness in bureaucratic decision making.

Answer : Corruption has been defined as a deviant human behavior, associated with the motivation of private gain at public expense. It has been persisted from time immemorial and Kautilya had discussed it in detail.

According to Kautilya, corruption reads to illegality, injustice, waste of resources and dissent among the people about government official. It causes misuse of government treasury, administrative inefficiency and obstruction in the path of national development.

Kautilya identified reasons of corruptions like.

1. Too much of personal interaction among the public officials.
2. Too much discretionary powers
3. Conflict of interest and difference of opinion when term effort is needed.

To curb corruption, Kautilya suggested some measures like:

1. Proper remuneration to fulfill the basic needs of official.
2. Professionalism in work relation.
3. Heavy penalty & punishment for corrupt official and seizure of their properly & distribution in public.

Answer : The public servants play an indispensable role in ensuring integrity, peace, prosperity and wellbeing of society, at large. Here impartiality and non-partisanship acts as guiding principle for civil servants considered as fundamental value.

• Impartiality refers to not supporting one person or group more than another it requires a public servant to be neutral and unbiased on the other hand non partisanship refers to not providing too much support for one person especially without considering it carefully.
• People are more likely to comply with a decision with a sentence (fine) or verdict if they believe that the proceeding leading up to a final decision were conducted in a fair manner. This is very basic for legitimacy of decision, sentence and verdict.
• Agitation for reservation by different social groups like jats in Haryana, patidar in Gujarat, incidences of ill-treatment of dalits in various parts and other has posed more responsibility over civil servants to maintain law and order and fulfill utilitarian principle. Also political parties requires favor of public servants in their but of office conduct in such scenario it a public servant will carry their social identity and political belief, he will not be able to do justice with larger constitutional goals it has been evident in 2G scam and misallocation of coal blocks.
• Thus to maintain public faith in governance system and fulfill constitutional arms of equality, impartiality and nonpartisanship has been considered as foundational values of a civil servant.

Answer : governance refers to the process of decision making and the process by which decisions are implemented Government comes forward with various policy initiative and direction to ensure the welfare of the people and facilitate better market environment, this is governance.

• Whereas, good governance is about the process for making and implementing decision it’s not about making correct decisions, but about the best possible process for making those decisions it has eight important dimensions like accountability, transparency, responsiveness inclusive and equitable, effective and efficient, follows the rule of law, participatory and consensus oriented Good governance ensures elimination of corruption and distribution of fruits of growth to the lowest rung of the society.
• Ethical governance includes those administrative measures, procedures and policies that fulfill criteria required for the ethically good or acceptable handing of public affairs especially in case of vulnerable and marginalized section of society.
• For example, framing a policy for land acquisition comes under governance, inclusion of proper rehabilitation and compensation provision together with its proper implementation are under good governance. While ethical governance concerned about disruption of various social bonding due to displacement and identity crisis of people and tries to re-establish it in best possible meaner.

Answer : Civil servants act as the torchbearer for the society. People consider their action as ideal one and try to imitate it in their own life. Thus it is necessary to change undesirable attitude and cultivate soil-ethical values in the aspiring and serving civil servants. The way to inculcate it includes:

1. Exposure to the miseries at the ground level. It has been said that it is better to meet a poor person than learning poverty to know about them.
2. Audio & visual training -both for aspiring and serving civil servants.
3. Test of behavioral conduct of aspiring civil servants.
4. Broader code of conduct and code of Ethics to prevent dilemma.

All above mentioned measures will indicate desirable attitudes in civil servants which then serve the society well.

• Max Weber, aGermansociologistshas propounded the ‘theory ofbureaucracy’’.
• In his theory, he argued that bureaucracy should be instruments in the hands of political executives to implement policies economically and efficiently.
• According to Weber, the sort of moral and ethical norms apply to the matters of personal conscience should not be applied to the public administration because it leads to unchecked discretionary powers and corruption in public affairs. Rather, Bureaucrats should be more adhered to rules and regulations. It leads to transparent and unbiased decision making.
• Apart from moral and ethical norms, bureaucrats should have its own bureaucratic morality like hierarchy, objectivity, integrity, neutrality and adherence to rules and regulation.
• However, such argument cannot be a good case in Indian scenario. Due to its diverse nature of society and unaccounted poverty, discretion becomes a necessity for Indian civil servants. Also in a welfare state , motives of government lies in inclusion. Strict rules and regulations may lead to exclusion of people on filmsy ground. It is reflected in poor implementation of forest conservation act which led to enormous alienation oftribal people from their native land.

Answer : Ethics involves the norms or standards of right and wrong used to judge actions. The human and social wellbeing depends upon action of individual and ethics provides a moral standard which is universally accepted.

• Social wellbeing, Social harmony, respect for marginalized and deprived section, respect for rights of others and fulfillment of fundamental needs are necessary for existence for human society. Ethics provides a benchmark and guideline of do and don’t. For example, everybody struggles for their livelihood but exploitation of others is not acceptable and treated as inhumane. Also, apart from individual well being ethics demands contribution towards society also Baba Amte who fought for leprosy established ethics as a guiding principle. Also ethics ensures protection of wildlife and sustainable development.
• Human wellbeing, it is said ‘A man without ethics is a wild beast loosed upon this world’’ Ethics requires involvement of compassion, empathy, sympathy and other human value in every human action. It ensures that every human action will be just. Also in administration ethical values like honesty, integrity, impartiality and non-partisanship ensures respect to constitutional norms of liberty, equality and fraternity. Mother Teresa and Anna haze has proved that value loaded action can contribute the humanity at tare.
• Thus, Ethics contribute for a just and humane society.

Answer : Any stable nation strives to impart social values like equality, liberty, fraternity, freedom and justice, etc. to its citizens. It is true that a country sets and runs towards the most sought goalpost of economic growth in the global race towards prosperity. The supremacy of a nation is measured on the global yardstick of economic values like growth, income and standard of living, etc. But every nation is aware that the essence of real development of any country lies in the human development; the economic values merely aid in achieving this end line. Economic growth is often accompanied by increasing income inequalities in the society such that it overcomes and works against the human development. This is why the inclusive growth of a nation is emphasized.

• For example, while the combined wealth of some 296 Indian individuals may be larger than the GDP of UAE, India is still a predominantly poor country. The richest 1% in India owns more than half of the country’s total wealth. At the other end of the pyramid, the poorer half jostles for 4.1% of the nation’s wealth and lives in most miserable of conditions lacking basic sanitation, education, health and nutrition facilities. India aims at a fast, sustainable and inclusive growth. Inclusive growth creates productive employment opportunities for a great majority of the country’s working age population, and reduces poverty. It is about both the pace and pattern of economic growth.
• In advanced and developing countries alike, it is increasingly recognized that GDP per capita growth is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the satisfaction of societal expectations.

Answer : The purpose of vigilance activity is not to reduce but to enhance the level of managerial efficiency and effectiveness in the organization. While measures like RTI Act, media and judicial activism, etc are necessary for increasing transparency and accountability, the growing misuse of these empowering instruments has often hindered the proper and smooth functioning in the government. Risk-taking should form part of government functioning. The day-to-day commercial decisions in government offices offer considerable scope for genuine mistakes being committed which could possibly raise questions about the bona-fides of the decision-maker. So much so, that it has affected the prompt decision making by a public servant, especially in face of genuine apprehensions about the system’s ability to protect an honest public servant.

• It is crucial to ensure balance between equality before law and protection of an honest civil servant who has his reputation to safeguard. Such a balance could be achieved by an impartial agency which would screen cases of prior permission for investigation and sanction prosecution of public servants involved in corruption. Self-restraint and self-regulation is important. A court is not equipped with the skills and competence to discharge the functions that essentially belong to the other organs of the State. Sensationalization of a ‘news’ should be avoided by media. RTI Act should not be converted into a tool of oppression or intimidation of honest officials striving to do their duty. Stringent punishment and penalties should be prescribed for knowingly making false allegations.
• The hallmark of a great nation is its institutions. The stronger the ability of these institutions to uphold and preserve fundamental values, the greater the nation would be.

Answer : (a) Bureaucracies are systems of power, social organizations whose purpose is to control material, informational, and especially human resources. It involves concentration of power in a public servant, promoting authoritarian style of leadership and this is manifested as bureaucratic attitude. While such an attitude may be necessary to display authority in line with sumptuous responsibility invested in the office, ensuring that the issued orders are served with appropriate seriousness and decisions implemented in public interest; such an authoritarian style of working where individuals in high levels within a bureaucratic hierarchy tend to accumulate power and may use it to promote their own objectives. This breeds the menace of corruption in the system.

• Democracy promotes the ideals of individual freedom, liberty, justice, equality and guarantee of basic human rights. It is rule by the people, for the people and of the people. A democratic attitude involves inculcating these ideals in one’s behavior and serving the society with these ideals as working principles. While democratic attitude is necessary for representing public “interests”, peace and harmony in the society; it may lead to delay in decision making awaiting consensus and hinder its implementation with expediency and required pragmatism.

(b) Bureaucracy is an organizational model rationally designed to perform complex tasks efficiently. A bureaucratic attitude promotes a tendency towards authoritarian leadership, which focuses on instrumental concerns, making decisions independently and demanding strict compliance from subordinates. A democratic attitude can take a more expressive approach and seeks to include all members in the decision-making process for adequate representation of public “interests”. A bureaucratic attitude fosters considerable decision-making power effectively resting with a small, elite group of individuals that may act in complicity with the central, state and private commercial entities and accomplish significant activities having manifestations through the society or environment at large. In making a positive use of such immense power, if such an attitude is associated with democratic attitude, a lot can be done for society.

Answer : (a) In life, all of us have been hurt, in one way or another. While it is easy to forgive a friend for the slight distress we feel over a phone call that was not returned, it is not so easy to forgive those who have harmed us in a major way. To forgive or not to forgive is one of our life choices. It is a choice with consequences. Forgiving is one way of letting go of old baggage so that we can move on with our lives. Forgiveness does not change the past - but it does change what we can have in the future. Forgiving is a highly personal act, and it will not happen until we are ready to let go of the old hurt and move on in our lives with a sense of personal empowerment. An important point to keep in mind, however, is that when we forgive, we are doing it for ourselves, not for the other person.

• When we forgive, we are not sacrificing anything or giving up our sense of self-worth. Indeed, we are doing just the opposite - by taking a stand that says that we are strong and finally free of playing the role of victim. Forgiveness implies that we no longer need to hold grudges - we no longer need self-pity or hatred. Forgiveness is a way of declaring our integrity and strength of character.

(b) The above quote finds it essence in another famous quote. “Our deepest fear is not that we are inadequate. Our deepest fear is that we are powerful beyond measure. It is our light, not our darkness that frightens us most.”

• Fear is an illusion, based on an exaggerated value that we may grant to something. We all have some fear - fear of speaking, fear of standing out, fear of being ridiculed, a fear of doing something and being disliked because of it. Fear defines our limits. The light refers to a higher path of intelligence, enlightenment and achievement. It is easier to forgive an innocent and innocuous child who is afraid of the dark or an illusory demon lurking in there, given his narrow knowledge about the reality of world around him. He is yet to learn the nuances of life and deal with them. But it is tragic when so-called ‘learned’ men expose and imprison themselves to their personal demons and refuse to see what is right in front of them in clear light because they are afraid of the truth, they are afraid of being extraordinary. And thus, they are condemned to live and die like any other ordinary person, forming the majority of the world.

Answer : (a)India stood at rank 76 out of 168 countries in the 2015 Corruption Perception Index. Vigilance cells, RTI, active media, legal mechanisms have definitely improved the delivery of public service and involvement of public consultation in decision making. But the rampant abuse of authority cashing on taking advantage of loopholes in a law or policy, making amendments to dilute the mandated provisions and misuse of discretionary powers have weakened the effectiveness of such measures. Also, the uneducated and somewhat indifferent citizenry accepting the malpractices in government functioning as a way of life encourages the persistence of corruption in society.

• RTI has empowered the ordinary citizen to get respect as an individual from the government and its officials. Citizens are becoming the monitors of their government. In the initial years of the RTI, public information officers gave information reasonably. Now techniques have been evolved to deny information. In the past few years, it appears that the decisions of the information commissions and judiciary are expanding the grounds on which information can be denied, be it on obstructing the national development and integration, or destroying the peace, tranquility and harmony among its citizens. While activists are split on whether the RTI has led to a reduction in corruption in India, most agree that the law is a critical step in the right direction.
• In India, media coverage on issues like Anna Hazare’s anti-corruption campaign, elections through ‘cash for votes’, Delhi gang rape, high-profile defense corporate scandals, etc., has helped to create public pressure to tackle corruption. But cover-up, obstruction of justice in various ways, and the weaknesses of the Indian criminal justice system ensured that the conviction at the bar of public opinion did not result in any legal conviction.
• The Indian Judiciary has risen to the occasion and delivered some scathing judgments of far reaching consequences. While some politicos allegedly involved in unbridled corruption are battling to escape being severely penalized, well-connected people more often than not escape the noose ultimately. The judicial system is expensive, dilatory, and inefficient that it takes years and years for corruption cases to be decided. But judicial activism has helped bring about more transparency and accountability in various public spheres.

(b) A holistic approach for combating corruption requires both punitive and preventive measures. While punitive measures act as a deterrent, preventive measures help reduce opportunities for corruption by making systems transparent and accountable, reducing discretion, etc. There are four basic arenas in which action can be taken against corruption within a country: First, the basic institution of good governance needs to be strengthened. Second, the capacity and integrity of enforcement need to be enhanced. The best law has no value if it is not enforced. Third, a government needs to put in place a solid set of preventive tools like Codes of Conduct and strong independent oversight bodies. Political leaders in all branches of government, legislative and judiciary can be required to have transparency in their own financial dealings through asset disclosure for themselves and their family members. Fourth, the public needs to be educated on the advantages of good governance and participate in promoting it. The public itself bears a large share of responsibility for insisting on honesty and integrity in government and business.

• There is a need to introduce systemic reforms to promote competition, simplify transactions, use Information Technology, promote transparency, build and enforce integrity pacts, reduce discretion, supervision, ensure accessibility and responsiveness, monitor complaints, reform the civil services, risk management for preventive vigilance, audit, proactive vigilance on corruption, etc. These general principles should apply to all functions of government at all levels.

Answer : Ethics is a set of standards that society places on itself and which help guide behaviour, choices and actions. The standards do not, by themselves, ensure ethical behaviour; that requires a robust culture of integrity - personal as well as institutional. There are two sources of guidance by which human beings can judge the morality of their actions. One is outside the person - the law; the second is inside him/her as conscience. Accountability in a system is enforced through a system of laws and rules, which in turn are influenced by ethics. It is the moral ideas of people that give rise to and shapes the character of laws and rules. Also, in a country, there may not be law and regulations for dealing with each and every situation.

• There may be situations when a public servant may face ethical dilemma between ethicality and legality of an issue. For example, an act may be ethically right, but not legally. Consider euthanasia. The active euthanasia or mercy killing is not legal in our country. But if a patient is in intolerable pain, in an irremediable condition or has no chances of survival as he is suffering from painful life, it may be ethical to end his life in a painless manner and end his suffering. Similarly, Sec 377 of IPC, 1860 criminalizing ‘carnal intercourse against the order of nature prohibits homosexuality in the country and does not legally recognize relationships in LGBT community. Homosexuality is not merely a question of one’s sexual orientation or preference but a “deviant behaviour” in conservative Indian society.
• On the other hand, an act may be legally right, but not ethically. For example, the demolition carried out at Shakur Basti in West Delhi in December 2015 in which about 1200 slum units were removed, rendered “several homeless on a cold day” in winters. Critics pointed out that the order for vacating the land could have been carried out a couple of months later after the end of cold winters. Similarly, a country’s economic development is given a higher priority over environment protection. The laws thus framed often allow unsustainable environmental exploitation as is evident today in global climate change challenges facing the world.
• Therefore, a public servant needs to have a developed ethical sensibility, emanating from a shared vision of what is good and just for the society.

Answer : Ethics built upon self-mastery is viewed as essential for building “public virtues”. Without self-discipline officials could “abuse their power or fail in their responsibilities”. Virtues like trustworthiness and fortitude are important for sustaining self-integrity. Societies are more dependent upon the moral trustworthiness of its citizen and leaders than upon institutional structures that are designed to create socially useful results.

• Trust and integrity matter since “the basic utility and necessary public services, such as kids’ education, health facilities, water and sanitation services are hard to get by the ordinary person and are compromised by corruption, lack of a proper monitoring system or lack of accountability, incompetency issues and unethical behaviours.
• Leaders having fortitude and integrity stand a much better chance of building trust from the top down and bottom up. A corrupt and dishonest leader manifests corruption in the whole system percolating down to a common man, while an honest leader commands righteousness in public dealings. During Independence struggle, Mahatama Gandhi stood fast to his ideals of non-violence, which has become an Indian brand of protest replicated in many other countries today in their peaceful demonstrations.For most societies, the personal characteristics of a leader are emulated in their followers and general public. This virtuous cycle can take the whole society and State to great interdependent heights.

Answer : International relations are ruled by force, fraud and secret intrigue, and whenever moral considerations come into conflict with national ambitions and nationalistic ideas, they are disregarded and discarded.International relations refers to the good and well-being that international exchanges and relations can bring to our planet and its life forms and these can be harmed by unfriendly, hostile and uncooperative behaviors.

• Ethics, when used in international sphere, is defined as the study of the nature of duties across community boundaries. International ethics enables one to participate more actively in shaping and building a synergetic and productive global community. Such moral bearings help in working together and resolving the international issues like climate change, piracy, terrorism, etc., facing the global society peacefully and amicably. International ethics needs to be enforced through the lenses of realism, idealism, constructivism and cosmopolitism and equality of life. Various agencies like UN, UNEP, WTO, FATF, etc., promote certain universal principles that transcend the boundaries of individual nations and ethical principles pursued by the individual nations.
• For example, in recent decades U.S. and its European allies have increasingly intervened in the internal affairs of other countries on humanitarian grounds. While having a bona fide face value, these actions have been criticized as encouraged by geo-strategic reasons.Nonetheless, such interventions have ruined the economy and life in these countries as is visible from mass migration out of the war torn areas into Europe and resulted in dysfunctional states. Our acts have moral implications and this is starkly visible in international realms of war and peace, intervention, human rights, globalization, and development. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the ethical grounds in international arena, as only a holistic approach can ensure sustainable development for the world and its people.

Answer : A conflict of interest may be defined as a situation where the private interests of a Public Officer compete or conflict with the interests of the Government or the Officer’s public duties in such a manner as to influence the objective exercise of his official or public duties to put the public interest first. Conflicts of interest include pecuniary interests (i.e. financial interests or other material benefits or costs) or non-pecuniary interests (i.e. favouritism, cronyism, nepotism, political, religious, family or other interests). They can involve the interests of the Public Officer, members of his immediate family or relatives (where these interests are known), business partners or associates, or his friends.

• The office of public servant is bestowed with significant responsibilities that involve decision making across a wide range of sectors and areas and has major repercussions on society and country. Conflict of interest may manifest itself in this decision making by public servants when their private interests conflict with the impartial fulfillment of their official duties and the public interest. For example, making commercial investments, promoting companies and accepting commercial employment after retirement, accepting gifts, buying and selling property, being disrespectful to a religion at the cost of secular national values, may involve using public authority and resources for personal benefits to the extent that it may lead to exacerbated anti-public activities like pollution, social injustice, communal riots, etc.
• It may also involve professional and personal practice of prohibiting demanding and accepting dowry, sexual harassment of women employees, and prohibition to employ children below 14 years of age as domestic help, etc.
• One of the ways of avoiding conflict between public and private interest is through disclosure of one’s interest. It may not resolve the conflict but is a good first step as it acknowledges the possibility of such a conflict. Subsequently, the public servant may act in the best way possible to serve public interest. For example, if possible he may absent or withdraw from participation in the concerned decision making process.
• Public servants need to espouse certain public service values and practice the code of conduct and code of ethics and maintain the highest ethical integrity while adhering to the various ideals enshrined in the Constitution.

• Environmental ethics is the discipline in philosophy that studies the moral relationship of human beings to, and also the value and moral status of, the environment and its non-human contents.
• The emergence of environment ethics was a result of increasing population impacting the environment and the environmental consequences resulting from the growing use of technology and industry. Environmental ethics helps define man’s moral and ethical obligations toward the environment. It is considered morally wrong for the humans to pollute and degrade natural environment and consume huge proportions of natural resources not only because a sustainable environment is essential to present and future human generation(s), but also because the natural environment including its flora and fauna have certain values in their own right that needs to be respected and protected.
• This has especially attained importance in face of immediate global challenge of dealing with global warming and climate change. The world-wide growing usage of fossil fuels for transportation, power and industries, etc has increased the amount of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide to such levels that, it has resulted in a climate change towards global warming, affecting living species ranging from phytoplankton to humans. Deforestation, pollution, resource degradation, extinction of species, etc are few other issues from which our planet is suffering. The past and present human activities and its disastrous effects on environment has culminated into setting in process an irreversible degradation of nature that has threatened the very survival of human beings and other species. It is in this backdrop that studying and applying environmental ethics has assumed such a huge significance.

Answer : (i) Law and Ethics

Ethics and laws are necessary to provide guidance and stability to people and society. Here are the differences:

• Ethics are rules of conduct. Laws are rules developed by governments in order to provide balance in society and protection to its citizens.
• Ethics comes from people’s awareness of what is right and wrong. Laws are enforced by governments onto its people.
• Ethics are moral codes which every person must conform to. Laws are codifications of ethics meant to regulate society.
• Ethics does not carry any punishment to anyone who violates it. The law will punish anyone who happens to violate it.

(ii) Ethical Management and Management of Ethics

• Ethical management encompasses meeting the ethical expectations imposed by social norms in conducting business. All standards for businesses are based on ‘Ethical Standards’ for transparent, fair, logical operations.
• Management of ethics involves balancing competing values and reconciling them. Ethics are derived from individual or personal moral values. But all these values need not be held as standards for conformation by the whole society. Management of ethics encompasses analyzing and deciding upon the values that may form the code of conduct and code of ethics to be followed by the concerned entity.

(iii) Discrimination and Preferential Treatment

• The Indian Constitution provides Right to Equality for all but mandates special provisions for socially and educationally backward classes like SC and ST, women and children. This has been referred to as positive discrimination. While discriminating amongst the population of the country, it allows for upliftment and development of these sections of society hitherto subjected to injustice and exploitation.
• Preferential treatment refers to favoritism, nepotism, bias towards a certain person, class, caste, and sections, etc of a society. This may be on the basis of personal characteristics or traits like age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. For example, Sec 377 of IPC prohibits homosexuality. Thus, it allows for preferential treatment towards heterosexuals.

(iv) Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics

• There are a number of differences between personal ethics and professional ethics though ethics, in general, work as guidelines that direct individual behavior. Ethics states the dos and don’ts in a specific setting.

• Patriotism stands for devoted love, support and loyalty to one’s country. It demands one to lay down even one’s life for the nation in the context of defence services. However, in everyday civil life Patriotism implies fulfilling one’s civil responsibilities. It means contributing to maintain the unity and integrity of the nation. It demands fulfilling of one’s fundamental duties as a citizen e.g. making informed choice while voting, safeguarding public property etc and uphold the democratic values of our constitution e.g. equality, justice etc. by treating all fellow citizens as equal and with respect. This will also help in curbing communal riots.
• Patriotism is a feeling that guides one to keep the interest of one’s country or community above one’s own self interest. It demands fulfilling of one’s duties according to one’s position in a right, fair and transparent manner. For example: A doctor must provide appropriate treatment to his/her patients irrespective of their social status and must not over-charge depending upon the urgency of the patients.

• Integrity indicates soundness of moral principles, the character of uncorrupted virtues, uprightness, honesty and sincerity. Knowledge on the other hand is awareness or understanding of something, such as information, description etc acquired through experience or education by perception, discovery, or learning.
• In the absence of knowledge, integrity of any person cannot be put to use for the welfare of mankind. An integral man without adequate knowledge is not useful for anybody or anything unless he/she acquires sufficient knowledge. It is knowledge that ensures usefulness of a man’s integrity to the society. On the other hand a man with knowledge but without integrity can prove to be very dangerous for the society and environment. It can lead in a wrong direction. This kind of knowledge can be used by the person to fulfill his/her own interest subverting the interest of the whole society.
• For example an integral person without knowledge about doing abortion will prove to be useless while a non-integral person with knowledge about doing abortion will use that knowledge to conduct sex-selective abortions to fulfill his/her own interest for money or other things. This can prove to be very dangerous for the society as this can lead to a very unfair sex ratio.

Answer : Trust deficit in a society is a situation when people of the society are not willing to trust their fellow people. This can result in a situation of complete anarchy. Its effects can be seen from individual to social level. In the situation of widespread trust deficit, people refuse to mutually cooperate to achieve the goals set by the society. There is a problem in service delivery for the government to its citizens. There will be no honoring of financial deals leading to a complete breakdown of economic transactions. Everybody will be seen with suspicion by everyone else. Individual will suffer from psychological crisis.

• To become trustworthy an individual should, at a personal level, should maintain complete integrity and honesty. One must always remain true to one’s words. One should always fulfill one’s commitments. He/she should never make such promises or claims that are difficult to be fulfilled. There must be no difference between one’s thoughts, words and actions. One must accept responsibilities for all one’s actions and should not put the blame on others.

Answer : An attitude is a state of mind, feelings or thoughts about something (i.e. the attitude object) having an evaluative quality which may be positive, negative or neutral. It defines the tendency to think and act in a particular way towards an object. Similarly attitudes are held towards social problems.

• There are many factors that lead to formation of attitude of a person towards various social problems. These factors include association with someone with a particular attitude, socialization process, observing others in the society, personal experiences, observing social and cultural norms, getting access to information etc.
• Family, School Environment, Reference Groups, Personal Experiences and Media exposure provides the context for formation of a particular attitude.
• There is presence of contrasting attitudes about caste system in our society. This may be due to the experience of people in different ways. Those people that have benefitted from the caste system mostly belonging to the upper castes consider this system as positive form of division of labor and those who have been denied their human rights and freedom along with equal opportunities consider this as oppressing and inhuman system that needs to be ended.

Answer : Although many great personalities have inspired me in the context of ethical conduct in life such as Plato, Mahatma Gandhi, Gautam Budha etc, but the one that has influenced the most is Aristotle. His teachings are very practical and can be easily applied in general life.

• He accepts that a minimum level of what many regard as common sources of happiness like friendship, wealth, family bonds etc are necessary. He believed that happiness and virtues go together He rejects to the idea that a virtuous man should lead a miserable life. According to him, ethical conduct consists in subordination of human passions and appetites to reason. It is the presence of reason that makes us truly human. He regards passions as the matter of virtue and reason as its form. If passions are removed, virtue will become an empty shell.
• Aristotle believed that unruly human passions can only be disciplined only by constant exercise of self control. Good character thus is a habit according to Aristotle. Occasionally doing good thing doesn’t count much, it should be developed as a habit.
• According to him, virtue implies moderation. He defined virtue as the mean between two extremes. Every virtue lies between two vices such as courage is a virtue lying between rashness and cowardice. Moreover, there is no fixed rule to select this mean. This choice depends on the individual and the circumstances of a particular case.
• He upholds the freedom of human will. According to him, the correct moral choice follow the exercise of reason. He advocated that an individual’s morality finds its end in the state and is not possible without the state. Hence he also preached about the duties of a citizen.

Answer : Probity means integrity, uprightness and honesty. Maintaining probity involves more than simply avoiding corrupt or dishonest conduct. It involves applying public sector values such as impartiality, accountability and transparency. Probity in public life is an essential and vital requirement for an efficient and effective system of governance and for socio-economic development. Ensuring probity in public activities is a part of every public official?s duty to adopt processes, practices and behavior that enhance and promote public sector values and interests.

• A number of factors poses difficulties in practicing it in present times. Most basic reason for not complying with probity is weakness of one?s character. Other reasons may include pull of personal ambitions, unfair pressure from family members, pressure from political bosses or senior officials, social beliefs or religious norms etc. The growing materialism and money as the parameter for success makes it difficult for a public official to resist the pull from unfair sources.
• Strong willpower and high moral values are the greatest defence against lack of probity along with effective implementation of Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics. Suitable training needs to be provided to public officials inculcating in them various ethical values. Transparency must be ensured in various works of government and Accountability must be established. Instruments like RTI, citizen?s charters, Social Audit should be the integral part of all the policies and programmes to enhance the efficiency and accountability of administration. Besides institutional reform, increase in effective anti-corruption networks, publishing public rights and procedures and societal reforms to bring a change in attitude are the measures through which difficulties in practicing probity in public life can be overcome.
• Probity means integrity, uprightness and honesty. Maintaining probity involves more than simply avoiding corrupt or dishonest conduct. It involves applying public sector values such as impartiality, accountability and transparency. Probity in public life is an essential and vital requirement for an efficient and effective system of governance and for socio-economic development. Ensuring probity in public activities is a part of every public official’s duty to adopt processes, practices and behavior that enhance and promote public sector values and interests.
• A number of factors poses difficulties in practicing it in present times. Most basic reason for not complying with probity is weakness of one’s character. Other reasons may include pull of personal ambitions, unfair pressure from family members, pressure from political bosses or senior officials, social beliefs or religious norms etc. The growing materialism and money as the parameter for success makes it difficult for a public official to resist the pull from unfair sources.
• Strong willpower and high moral values are the greatest defence against lack of probity along with effective implementation of Code of Conduct and Code of Ethics. Suitable training needs to be provided to public officials inculcating in them various ethical values. Transparency must be ensured in various works of government and Accountability must be established. Instruments like RTI, citizen’s charters, Social Audit should be the integral part of all the policies and programmes to enhance the efficiency and accountability of administration. Besides institutional reform, increase in effective anti-corruption networks, publishing public rights and procedures and societal reforms to bring a change in attitude are the measures through which difficulties in practicing probity in public life can be overcome.

Answer : Ethics is a systematic and critical analysis of morality, of the moral factors that guide human conduct in a particular society or practice. Ethics deals with values related to human conduct, about the rightness and wrongness of different actions and the goodness and badness of intentions/motives and ends. Ethics also refers to the predefined standards that are used to determine the right course of action in a situation.

• Ethics plays an important role in maintaining the continuity of social structure. Ethics promotes goodness for all human beings in the society. The good that ethics promote is attained through the rules of acting, defined by ethical standards, on the part of one individual to the other.
• When we talk about ethics in public administration we mean ethics which apply to civil servants.
• The essence of public administration in modern welfare states is to promote the good and general well-being of the citizens consisting of various diversities including economic, social, religious etc. Ethics plays a very important role in guiding Public Administrators to fulfill this objective in a fair and transparent manner, being accountable for the results. Ethics inculcates principle of selflessness, integrity, objectivity, accountability, honesty etc in a public administrator. This also helps in maintaining a cordial relation between the government and the people at different levels which in turn facilitates in transforming governance into good governance.

Answer : In the modern welfare state, Public servants have to deliver a lot of services to the citizens of the country. Their decisions have wide-ranging impacts and they have to handle huge amounts of funds for which they need to be ethical carrying the qualities of honesty, integrity, trust worthiness, transparent, accountable to their own self. They need to be carrying leadership qualities as they have to lead a team and should be able to motivate the team, they need to be a team worker.

• To inculcate such values is the first basic step that needs to be taken in the process of becoming a public servant. These values can be inculcated by constantly introspecting oneself constantly as advocated by Socrates in the saying that an unexamined life is not worth living.
• A person needs to keep his promises as far as he can. This will develop one’s trust worthiness. They should maintain privacy and confidentiality of information given by others. They should be honest and integral in their personal and professional life. They should not tell lies and never compromise with their values.
• They should respect and uphold democratic constitutional values and should always follow their duty as a citizen of the country, along with making others aware too about their responsibility.
• To develop empathy and compassion for people, a person should treat every other fellow human being with dignity and respect and should always be willing to help those in need. They should accept the responsibility for their acts.
• They can engage in team sports to develop team skills and leadership. In addition to these steps, one can also increase ethical sensitivity by making an issue more significant. The greater the moral intensity of an issue, the more likely it is that decision making will be more ethical.

Answer : Accountability means ensuring that public servants remain responsible for the services they are to provide to the public. They must remain answerable for their actions and there is a redressal whenever the rules are violated. Along with being responsible to their authorities, all public servants must also remain accountable to their own self. They must be accountable to the oath of office they have taken while entering the service. It is the most essential aspect of good governance ensuring effective delivery of service.

• There are various measures that need to be adopted in order to ensure accountability of public servants. These include framing and strict implementation of a code of conduct and code of ethics outlining the desired conduct of public servants. There must be no ambiguity in it. Complete transparency need to be maintained in various procedures. An independent mechanism need to be created that must ensure accountability of public officials. Proper accountability should be included as one of the parameters used for promotion of the officials.
• Civil Society must also play a proactive role in ensuring the accountability of the public servants. They should make people aware of their rights and ensure that the quality service is delivered to them timely. Loopholes in RTI Act must be filled and it should be implemented in letter and spirit.

• Happiness is nothing but a state of mind characterized by positive emotions. It is true that since the advent of life, every human being aspires for happiness. Every human behavior is driven by the sense of happiness that he/she gets from the action. In fact, Epicurus regarded pursuit of happiness as the chief aim of life. However, different people attach different meaning to happiness.
• It is believed that happiness and virtue go together as illustrated by Aristotle. Happiness is always derived from the satisfaction which is obtained by bringing smiles on the faces of less fortunate people, say for example, some persons get happiness when they involve in teaching people from poorer section of society who couldn’t afford the required basic education, by this they get not only happiness but also a sense of satisfaction by sharing knowledge with others.
• Happiness is derived from the contribution in the service of the society as Ramakrishna Parmahamsa said service to humanity is service to God. Physical/Material happiness is not same as mental/psychological happiness. For certain section of people, obtaining their desired products from market gives a sense of happiness say for example upgrading gadget iphone5 to iphone6 particularly in younger section of society but real happiness lies not in materialistic aspect rather it is mental construct of human being.

• Immanuel Kant advocated this view in his statement that Human beings must always be treated as ends in themselves not merely as means. This means that every person being rational has his/her own value hence every person must be treated as having a value of their own and never used merely as a tool used to serve other people’s interests. This statement highlights the modern day idea of human rights that every person being born as a human carries some rights that must be respected by everyone.
• Every person must be treated as an end only insofar as our act towards that person is understood by him/her as appropriate or justified: we should be able to explain our reasons in such a way that the person will see the reasonableness of acting in the way we propose i.e. one should never manipulate people or use them to achieve our aims unless they agree to it, no matter how good those aims are.
• Modern Corporate or sexual relations are one such example. Increasing number of crimes against women or Caste based violence are examples of such acts. Modern economic system has created a wide gulf between haves and have-nots which is nothing but the result of such acts. It has converted the society into two poles of exploiters and exploited.

Answer : Sexual Violence against has been increasing in recent times despite the presence of large number of laws to prevent it. It is basically the result of Patriarchal culture present in India since ancient times. It reflects the unequal relations between women and men often resulting in domination of women by men. It amounts to serious violation of human rights of an individual.

To check this crime there is a need to adopt a multi-dimensional approach targeting its various causes and its basic cause i.e. the culture of patriarchy.

• Strict implementation of the laws present and formulate new laws if needed.
• Increasing the representation of women in public forums.
• Sensitizing law enforcement agencies with regard to crime related to women by giving them proper training.
• Promoting the eradication of elements in traditional norms and religious beliefs, practices and stereotypes which legitimize and exacerbate the persistence and tolerance of violence against women and children.
• Introducing and supporting gender sensitisation and public awareness programmes aimed at eradicating violence against women and children.
• Encouraging the media to play a constructive role in the eradication of violence against women and children by adopting guidelines which ensure sensitive coverage of the issue and avoid the perpetuation of stereotypes.
• Providing easily accessible information on services available to women and children victims/survivors of violence, including women and children with disabilities.
• Ensuring accessible, effective and responsive police, prosecutorial, health, social welfare and other services, and establishing specialised units to redress cases of violence against women and children.
• Providing accessible, affordable and specialised legal services, including legal aid, to ensure the just and speedy resolution of matters regarding violence against women and children.
• Providing easily accessible, affordable and, where possible, free social, and administrative services for the empowerment of women and children victims/survivors of violence.

Answer : Values are beliefs that a person holds about things and aspects of life. These are the guiding principles that mould his behaviour all his life. Mostly the values a person holds are developed by the company he keeps and the first values he learns are from his parents. Later on he is taught more about values in school. Societies have different value systems and people living in these societies are guided by these values.

• Ethics are codes of conduct that decide what is wrong and what is right in a particular circumstance. These are also known as morals and are a result of evolution of mankind. When these ethics were not in place, no human behaviour could be categorized as good or bad which is what led to the development of these standards to guide human behaviour in a society.
• ‘Work ethics’ is a value based on hard work and diligence. It is also a belief in the moral benefit of work and its ability to enhance character. An ethical working may include being reliable, having initiative, or pursuing new skills. In a way being ethical improve the overall performance of the organisation by reducing wastages, inefficiency and eliminating corrupt practices.

Answer : Our values do change over time. They change as we grow from childhood to adulthood. The choices we make also influence our values and our values can shift through neglect.

However, according to Kohlberg, during our lifetime, we pass through various stages of moral development.

1. Small children make choices based on the immediate consequences of their decisions. Adults who have not developed beyond this level of moral development only choose an ethical alternative if it is in their immediate personal interests.
2. People who progress to the next level of moral development make decisions based on the formal rules and informal norms of their social context, and will choose ethical alternatives even at the cost of forgoing their self-interests.
3. The small percentage of people who progress to the highest level of moral development make decisions based on human rights, fairness and justice. Such people are willing to ignore their self-interests and may even violate society’s rules and norms to act in accordance with their principles.

• This indicates that we have two forms of values - personal and core. Personal values are lessons learned from life’s trials and tribulation. Core values are embedded during our initial upbringing and create the way a person orients to the world. Core values emanate from the Centre of who we are and what is most important to us as human beings. Personal values can be changed rather easily but bringing change in central value is relatively difficult as it involves changing one’s inner self.
• People adapt their values to their life circumstances. They upgrade the importance they attribute to values that they can readily attain, and downgrade the importance of those values whose pursuit is blocked. For example, when values that concern material well-being (power) and security are blocked, their importance increases; when they are easily attained their importance drops.
• Strong persuasion can also change values. For example if, bureaucrats who have been extremely honest in their initial periods but resort to corruption under family or peer pressures.
• Sometimes learned helplessness causes a change in value—I can’t change the system, so I will adapt to it.
• However, when a change is brought in personal values, it doesn’t bother the person too much but when there has to be a change in core or central values, the person goes through immense psychotic pressure.

Answer : Emotional intelligence (EI) is the ability to tap into your emotions and use them to make your life better. Being in touch with your feelings allows you to manage stress levels and communicate effectively with other people, two skills that enhance your life both personally and professionally.

• People with high emotional intelligence are usually very self-aware. They understand their emotions, and because of this, they don’t let their feelings rule them. People who self-regulate typically don’t allow themselves to become too angry or jealous, and they don’t make impulsive, careless decisions. They think before they act. People with a high degree of emotional intelligence are usually motivated. They’re willing to defer immediate results for long-term success. They’re highly productive, love a challenge, and are very effective in whatever they do. People with high emotional intelligence are also empathetic. People with empathy are good at recognizing the feelings of others, even when those feelings may not be obvious. As a result, empathetic people are usually excellent at managing relationships, listening, and relating to others. They avoid stereotyping and judging too quickly, and they live their lives in a very open, honest way.

EI in taking Ethical decisions: Emotional intelligence is an extremely important factor in decision making. Emotional intelligence deals with the ability to be aware of one’s own emotions and recognize others as well. We should also be able to anticipate the impact of such an element on decision making. One must possess the quality of recognizing others and one’s own emotional capacities to be able to become a good leader. In our work places, we come across such people every day and we wonder how they can manage such stressful situations masterfully.

The reason behind being a successful decision maker is to be aware of one’s own self and also be aware of the feelings of others. Thus, the better we are able to respond to the emotional needs, the better decision maker we are.

Knowledge of the salient features of emotional intelligence or EI will help in the making of a good leader. The features include self awareness, self regulation, social skills, motivation and empathy. Judging a situation or a problem ethically entails our own values and parameters of right and wrong as well as considering the standard ethical rules of the society that we live in.

Persons who are emotionally intelligent use their emotions to adopt their plans they do not ignore uncomfortable plans emotionally intelligence behavior helps managers plan better in many ways:

• Change plans to meet the need of the moment
• Adopt to different situation
• Consider a variety of possible action
• Come up with alternative plans
• Do not consistently do the same thing
• Do not stick to the plan when it does not work out
• Emotionally intelligent Persons make better decision:
• Using emotions to improve things
• See things clearly when feeling are overpowering
• Make good,solid decision even when angry
• Do not react out of anger
• Balance their thoughts and their feelings
• Do not let strong emotions blind them.

So, we can say that emotional extremely important in decision making. This is an art and with practice we will be able to master the art of decision making through emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence makes our personality and moral reasoning helps us find out that what is right and wrong for the human being. In other words with the more emotional intelligence increases the good relationship in the organization as well as in family & society.

Answer : Conscience is an aptitude, faculty, intuition or judgment that assists in distinguishing right from wrong. Moral judgment may derive from values or norms (principles and rules). Conscience is the voice of the Self which says ‘yes’ or ‘no’ when you are involved in a moral struggle. It raises the voice of protest whenever anything is thought of or done contrary to the interest of its master.

• Conscience is a form of truth. It is the knowledge of our own acts and feelings of right or wrong. It is a sensitive balance to weigh actions. It is the faculty or principle by which we distinguish right from wrong. It is a guiding voice from within. Sense of duty is conscience. Scrupulousness is conscience. Conscience is a silent teacher.
• A person of clear conscience is ever pure, joyful and cheerful. A man of guilty conscience is morose, cheerless. A person of pure and clean conscience sleeps happily and wakes up happily, and moves about happily in this world. He attains happiness in this world and in the next world. A person of guilty conscience is ever restless and unhappy in this world and in the next world also. A person of guilty conscience is dead even while living. A person of pure conscience is a veritable God on this earth.
• A clean conscience discerns evil quickly and shuns it. A good conscience bestows on you ease, serenity, joy and happiness. It prevents calamities, troubles, afflictions and miseries. That noble man who has a clean and pure conscience is not afraid of anybody in this world. He is not afraid of death even. It helps the aspirant to reach the goal quickly. What good health is to the body a good conscience is to the soul. There is inward satisfaction of conscience when a good action is done, when virtue is practised, when you lead a virtuous life.

Answer : Conscience is obscured through human weakness. The rumbling of emotional conflicts, base impulses and dictates of the fresh stifle the faint inner voice of the spirit. It is awakened and sharpened to new clearness through purity of conduct and practice of ethical virtues.

• One must carefully watch their thoughts, speech and actions. One becomes insincere on account of intoxication from selfishness and greed due to clouded understanding. Most people are ignorant about such thought processes. If one takes bribe, their thoughts and action are registered in subconscious mind and leads to loss of ethics and virtues in longer run of life.
• A remedy for this can be reducing one’s wants and living honestly within means. This will lead to clean conscience and freedom from anxieties and worries.

Answer : There is no doubt about how true this statement is and there are many ways one can prove it. Nature was made in such a way that there will be a balance in the eco-system and everybody gets enough what they need in proportions for them to live a good life. Unfortunately, Man, being greedy, has taken advantage of this fact. They want more than what they need and would go out of their way to get it. They take more than what they give. The more they have, the more superior they feel. Environmental degradation is certainly one of the most terrible offshoots of globalization and rampant consumerism. Crony capitalism, corruption, unmindful exploitation of natural resources is few examples of men’s greediness. All these are creating more inequalities in the world and society. For example, in developing countries like India where rural-urban, rich-poor divide has increased despite the high economic growth.

Answer : All men can handle hardship (at least to an extent). That’s a part of life. Adversity is life’s test for strength, durability, true willingness to live.

• And, well...how power is handled is test of character. A good man will not abuse power but will use it for the common good, for those his actions affect. A man with bad character will abuse power and use it solely for his own self-interest, will not be patient or understanding in his pursuits. Though a man may be able to withstand many hardships due to strength it doesn’t mean that he is good or fair to others in his rule. Men don’t stand strong in wealth, success and prosperity. We become complacent when things go well with us. Our success and overconfidence as a result become our Waterloo. Power can cause a person to influence others to commit actions that they may normally not commit, disrupt the relationships a person has with others, and even have a person becoming less conscious toward consequences.

Answer : Hints: It is about the eternal internal struggle of humanity. It seems to have a gap between what we know, we should do and what we actually do. People who smoke or overeat are two obvious examples. Overcoming our desires is a very difficult thing for most of us to do.Conquering an enemy, or defeating any external obstacle, that is easy when compared to conquering that which lies within us. With everything focused on the outside, you can ignore the internal conflict. When facing yourself, you must bring a level of honesty and integrity that is very admirable, and more than a little difficult. Self knowledge is necessary to understand your motivations and your desires. So to overcome your desires, you must start with self-knowledge, then you can move to self-discipline, then, with practice, comes the victory over your desires.

Answer : Hints: This concept was propagated by Gandhiji as ‘Sarvodaya’ i.e. the greatest good of the greatest number. Gandhi viewed his Classless society with welfare of all sections of people the poor, the downtrodden, the exploited and the least. He had the ideal of Sarvodaya of social upliftment, economic emancipation and moral resurrection of all.

• The Gandhian concept of Sarvodaya also inherited from the cultural heritage of India-Indian culture since the early days of recorded history clearly conceives of the welfare of all. Even Kautilya’s Arthasastra, a masterpiece of ancient Hindu treatise on diplomacy and state craft prescribes that the ruler must be just and righteous, his supreme consideration being the welfare of the people. In the happiness of the subjects lays his happiness, in their welfare his welfare. Whatever pleases himself he shall not consider as good, but whatever pleases his subjects he shall consider as good.
• The Bhagvad Gita is also replete with references to the concept of universal welfare or the welfare of all. Apart from Hindu Scriptures, Buddhism and Jainism served as adjuncts to Hinduism also lay equal emphasis on the welfare of all. The universal love and universal welfare form the corner-stones of the Buddhist philosophy. The Jainas equally accept as their ideal the welfare of all.
• The contemporary National Food Security Bill is based on Sarvodaya principles as it has adopted a human life cycle approach, looks at providing coarse grains (nutri-cereals) at subsidised rates, giving impetus to the public distribution system, giving woman the position as the head of the family, and synergising drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and food.
• This principle can be implemented by initiating socio-economic welfare schemes for the downtrodden and vulnerable people.

Answer : Hints: Integrity: Integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one’s actions. One essential aspect of it is avoidance of any unwarranted (arbitrary) exceptions for a particular person or group.

• Perseverance: Perseverance is commitment, hard work, patience, endurance. Perseverance is being able to bear difficulties calmly and without complaint. Perseverance is trying again and again.
• Spirit of service: Whatever work you are engaged in, whatever duties you have to perform as an official or an employee, to do your duties efficiently and with diligence and devotion is also Seva (service). Those in authority who discharge their functions well enough to justify the salary they receive are rendering real service. It endows man with the intelligence and the skills required refining human nature. Doing one’s duty diligently is not enough. Men have to cultivate other qualities like love, sympathy, fairness, compassion and forgiveness. Only when one has these qualities he will be able to render dedicated service.
• Commitment: It is the act of binding yourself (intellectually or emotionally) to a course of action and fulfills your obligation in every condition. Public servants must be committed to large goals set by Constitution such as equality, justice, etc.
• Courage of conviction- It is necessary to have enough courage and determination to carry out one’s goals. If one doesn’t have the courage of one’s convictions, one will never reach the goals.

• Political attitudes are the attitudes of people to the areas of public life covered by political psychology. For example, views on nationalism, political conservatism, political liberalism, political radicalism etc. If morality is the answer to the question ‘how ought we to live’ at the individual level, politics can be seen as addressing the same question at the social level. It is therefore unsurprising that evidence has been found of a relationship between attitudes in morality and politics.
• Many political parties base their political action and program on an ideology. In social studies, a political ideology is a certain ethical set of ideals principles doctrines, myths or symbols of a social movement, institution, class, or large group that explains how society should work and offers some political and cultural blueprint for a certain social order. A political ideology largely concerns itself with how to allocate power and to what ends it should be used. Some parties follow a certain ideology very closely, while others may take broad inspiration from a group of related ideologies without specifically embracing any one of them.