4D Printing

4D printing is an upgrade to 3D printing in which special materials are used to print objects whose shapes alter after they are produced.

  • It requires stimuli or triggers, such as moisture, temperature, light, electrical current, tension, pH, etc. to begin transformation.
  • Hydrogels, thermoresponsive, photo- and magnetoresponsive, piezoelectric materials, pH-responsive, and other materials are used.
  • Properties: Self-assembly, self-adaptability, self-healing, shape memory, self-capability etc.
  • Printing techniques: Similar to ones used in 3D such as fused deposition modelling (FDM), jet 3D printing (3DP), selective laser melting (SLM), direct ink writing (DIW), electron beam melting (EBM), etc.
  • Applications: Medical, biotechnology, robotics, automobiles, ....
Do You Want to Read More?
Subscribe Now
To get access to detailed content

Already a Member? Login here

Take Annual Subscription and get the following Advantage
The annual members of the Civil Services Chronicle can read the monthly content of the magazine as well as the Chronicle magazine archives.
Readers can study all the material since 2018 of the Civil Services Chronicle monthly issue in the form of Chronicle magazine archives.
Be an Annual Subscriber

Science & Technology