Question : What is judicial activism? How far has it been successful in exercising a check over administration?
(2005)
Answer : The necessity of judicial control over administration is no less important than legislative control over administration. The legislatures control over the policy and expenditure of the executive. The purpose of judicial control is to ensure the legality of administrative acts and thus protect the rights of citizens against any unlawful use of authority. Today judiciary has assumed the role of a guardian of citizen’s private rights. The increase in powers and discretion of public officials, ....
Question : The administrator needs autonomy and discretion in the same way as the political need control and intervention. Discuss.
(2004)
Answer : The administrators are needed to perform all the task and duties arising out of the obligations of the government in rendering service to its people. Some of these tasks are advising ministers on policy issues, supervising all aspects of administrative, technical, and scientific programmes, economic and financial activities, social welfare and services. They are also engaged with delegated legislation, administrative adjudication and public relations.
With the increase in the welfare function the purpose and scope of ....
Question : Civil Service neutrality is a thing of the past. Discuss.
(2004)
Answer : One of the important traditional virtues of civil services has been its neutrality. The traditional concept of neutrality, however, has been challenged on many grounds. In the first place the concept is based on a belief in “politics, administration dichotomy”. Now, the traditional idea of ministers or political executive framing policies and the civil servants or permanent executive just executing them is no longer valid. The role of the civil service has been changing from ....
Question : Examine the needs and facets of administrative reforms in the fast changing scenario of the 21st century. What are the obstacles to administrative reforms? Give suggestions to overcome them.
(2003)
Answer : The term “Administrative Reforms”,“Administrative Change” are used synonymously, although by strict definitions, reform would stand for eradication of abusesin the existing system; change would mean modifications to suit ideological or socio-economic environment; and reorganization would be re-constructing the existing system to suit current needs and new demands. When underdeveloped countries emerged to freedom in the fifties, those at the helm of authority wanted that administration which an instrument of maintenance of law and order should ....
Question : What are the various institutional devices available for the redressal of citizen’s grievances against the excesses and malfunctioning of administration? How successful have they been?
(2003)
Answer : The government has to play an important role in improving the socio-economic life of the citizens. This role is played by the public services and these services have expanded the bureaucracy, which has resulted in the multiplication of the administrative process whereby administrative power and discretion are vested at different levels of the executive. The misuse of this power and discretion provides opportunities of mal-administration and corruption. In such a grievances arise.
To redress the grievances ....
Question : Account for the increasing corruption in Administration. Suggest remedies to curb administrative corruption.
(2003)
Answer : Corruption is a universal phenomenon. No society is free from it. The problem of corruption is a complex one, having roots and ramifications in society as a whole; in its widest connotation, corruption includes improper or selfish exercise of power and influence attached to a public office or to the special position occupied in public life. In this sense the problem has to be viewed in relation to the entire system of moral values and ....
Question : “Public corporations are not an end in themselves but an extension of the government activities designed to promote public welfare”. Substantiate.
(2002)
Answer : After independence, the government had to tackle the urgent as difficult problem of securing growth at a faster rate. Keeping in view the varied problems faced by India on its economic, social fronts, it became imperative to introduce public sector which was to help in building a sound agricultural and industrial base, overcoming the economic and social backwardness.
Since independence, the range of activities and products of public sector have expanded tremendously. It includes making of ....
Question : In what respects, the powers of proposed institution of Lokpal in the Bill already introduced in Indian Parliament, will strengthen the institution as compared to Parliamentary Commissioner of U.K.
(2001)
Answer : With the initiation of welfare activities, the role of the state public affairs has been increasing. Now its scope has been intended to cover all the dimensions of human activity. With the increasing dependence of the citizens on the administrative machinery of the state, the hardship and grievances of the citizen have been increasing. Administrative inefficiency and corruption in public life have increased enormously. The traditional complaint handling arrangements were either not available or inadequate, ....
Question : What opportunities are available to All India Services and State Services in career development”. Do you agree that days of generalists in modern administrative state are numbered?
(2000)
Answer : The opportunities available to All India services and State Services in career development is very wide in their career development.
The personnel of All India and State Services are head of many administrative departments. In developing countries like ours it is these service members who formulate broad policies and programmes at the national and state level, because our political heads are not so educated or possess that skills which is required to take such decisions at ....
Question : “The Generalist will always have an edge over the specialist.” Substantiate the view.
(1999)
Answer : The generalists and specialists are two broad functional categories in the government. They play a very important role in rendering advice to the political executives, policy making and in implementation of policies. The controversy between these two groups of functionaries is however an age old, and still one of the fiercely fought-out issues of public administration. Generalists are concerned with all types of administrative process indicated by the word POSDCORB i.e. planning, organizing, staffing, directing, ....
Question : “The basic question in the relationship between political and permanent executives is the separation of facts and values at the operational level.” Comment.
(1999)
Answer : Political and permanent executive play different set of roles which though theoretically neatly separated, yet in practice, are quite often conflicting and overlapping.
The real distinction between politicians and bureaucrats is that whereas particular board based interest of unorganized clientele, bureaucrats articulate narrow based interest of organized clientele. Politicians are passionate, partisan and idealistic; bureaucrats by contrast are prudent, centrist and pragmatic. Politician is temporary while civil servants are permanent executive. Politician is amateur whereas civil ....
Question : “The process of change may create crises in the system.” [Lucian Pye].
(1999)
Answer : The process of change may not always prove to be beneficial. It may go to negative and create crises in the system.
Neither economic growth nor institutional modernizations are unilinear or historically inevitable. Economies may stagnate, institutions may decline in effectiveness and societies may fail to deal with their central needs. The benefits of rapid economic growth, especially, derived from mainline urban-industrial investment model, have been skewed towards a relatively small minority in the modern sector, ....
Question : “Voluntarism is not anti-thesis of statecentricism.” Comment.
(1999)
Answer : The concept of civil society (Burgerhehe Gesellschaft) was first used by George W. F. Hegel (1770-1831) in his Philosophy of Right published in 1821. According to him, civil society refers to organized bodies that are intermediate to state and family. He also described it as the state in the dialectical development from the family to the state. He made a distinction between the state and civil society. Civil society is separate from the state which ....
Question : “Public Interest Litigation is an effective innovation in realizing social justice.”
(1999)
Answer : Public Interest Litigation is a recent development in the field of realizing social justice. This is guarded or manoeuvered by judiciary. Today in the fast changing world public interest litigation popularly known as PIL has come to stay and is being proved to be quite useful in countering ills against public interest.
Actually public interest litigation is a new tool which any layman or public can used if he or she thinks that something is going ....
Question : What do you understand by the term under administration? What are the issues involved in it?
(1999)
Answer : ‘Under-Administration’ is the term which shows a level of administration of a nation which is not fully administered properly. If any state or political unit which has not a well developed system of public administration, law is not going to be fully implemented, unit of administration is not fully controlled by state machinery, developmental programme, citizen relations, masses, affairs are not fully managed. If these situation prevailed in any country, or a nation then it ....
Question : “How for is it true to state that for a developing democracy the concept of civil service neutrality is outdated, instead there is a need for a civil service with profession competence and commitment?
(1997)
Answer : The British concept of neutrality was implanted in some other countries which had imperial links with it like Australia, Canada, and India etc.
It developing countries one of the purposes of creating a neutral civil servant was to isolate him from the political currents prevalent in the country. This concept of neutrality worked till the Second World War. Since then it has began to be challenged. Even the British have become sceptical about the continued validity ....
Question : “Theoretically the Board administration violates the distinction between government and politics because through it politics is injected in the administration”.
(1997)
Answer : The administrative head of the department occupies the pivotal position. If the administrative within a department is vested in a single individual, it is called a ‘bureau’ system. If the administrative authority within a department is vested in a plural body, it is called a ‘Board or Commission’ system. Usually where the administrative activity requires unity of command, thickness in decision and promptness in performance, the Bureau system would be preferable. Where the duties to ....
Question : “Administrative Reforms are induced changes in the machinery of government undertaken in order to bridge the gap between reality and desirability”. Comment.
(1997)
Answer : Administrative Reform is an artificial inducement of administrative transformation against resistance. It is an effort to apply new ideas or combinations of ideas to an administrative system with conscious view to improving the system for positive goals of national development. It is concerned with effectiveness and efficiency of an administration. Reforms stands for eradication of abuses in the existing system, change for modification to suit ideological or socio-economic environment and organization would be re-construction the ....
Question : “Public Agencies have used a number of sources and procedures for measuring performance”. Comment.
(1996)
Answer : All Public Agencies prepare their evaluation reports which provide an opportunity to appraise their performances. The Budget Division of the Finance Ministry has the power to overview the working of the plans and programmes of all ministries. Every department while sending its own demand for grants evaluates its annual plans, programmes and performance. The O & M Division in ministries often indirectly perform the task of policy evaluation. The evaluation of public policy is an ....
Question : “It is said that the generalist rationale was past of a revealed truth. All of us should have known better, for in a world of increasing scientific and technical complexity, it has compelling inadequacies.” Discuss.
(1996)
Answer : The generalists and specialists are two broad functional categories in the government. They play a important role in rendering advice to the political executives, policy making and in implementation of policies. The present day administration has become more specialized in nature and hence requires different types of personnel with necessary skills, knowledge and qualities to discharge its functions.
In a purely negative sense, a generalist is a person who is not an expert or a specialist. ....
Question : Whatever its purpose, it is true that reform always takes place against ‘resistance’ and that failure to recognize the various source of opposition, and to plan and to neutralize them, is a major reason for the widespread failure of reform efforts.” Examine.
(1996)
Answer : Administrative Reform can be defined as artificial inducement of administrative transformation against resistance. It implies that the administrative reform is artificially stimulated, it is a transformatory process, and there is lastly, the existence of resistance to change process.
Obviously reforms do not take place by themselves. They are premeditated, well studied and planned programmes with definite objectives in view. Reform is an induced and manipulated change, for it involves persuasion, collaboration and generation of conviction in ....
Question : “Social (Welfare) Administration in India is witnessing specialization and faster expansion of its administrative agencies.” Evaluate.
(2007)
Answer : The Welfare Administration mainly aims towards the empowerment of weaker sections of the society by administrative agencies taking the charge. It puts people in the centre of all developmental activities.
The new paradigms of Public Administration viz. new public management, good governance, the LPG regime,.the developments in information-technology etc. are certain factors which have caused a spirit in specialisation and expansion of administrative agencies.
The enactment of laws and acts like the Panchayati Raj Institutions Act, the ....
Question : Define Civil Society. It is an effective organ to control administrative machinery? Comment.
(2007)
Answer : The Civil Society refers to organized public within broad guidelines given by State. This is essentially a voluntary organization which works as a bridge between citizens and state. The civil society organizes itself on different criteria like economic, religious, professional etc.
Question : What concrete steps have been taken by the union and the state government to protect child labour and prevent abuse of children?
(2006)
Answer : Child labour in India is one of the most important problems that needs has to be addressed, child labourers are exploited, exposed to hazardous work conditions and paid a pittance for their long hours of work. The government of India and the states government have taken many concrete steps.
The first Act to regulate the employment of children and their hours of work was the Factory Act of 1881. A commission was established in 1929 to ....
Question : What measures have been taken by the union and the states for the welfare of women in the profession of sex?
(2006)
Answer : There has been a number of very ambitious programmes lunched by the government at both centre and state level to ameliorate the conditions of the weaker sections.
Recently, the Human Resource Development Ministry has approved the immoral Trafficking (prevention) Amendment Bill 2005. The Bill protects sex workers from exploitation at the hands of the police and clients. It is likely to be introduced after cabinet clearance.
In Delhi, 400 sex-worker are arrested every year. Around 90% of ....
Question : Critically evaluate the policies of the union government with regard to the welfare of women and children of India in not more than 200 words.
(2006)
Answer : There have been a number of very ambitious programmes launched by government at both the central and state levels to ameliorate the conditions of the weaker sections. But there have been a number of major inadequacies in their administration. It is imperative that these inadequacies are done away with at the earliest and the fruit of the welfare programmes reach to the women and children fully.
There have been inadequacies in funds. This has a very ....
Question : “By taking some offices out of the jurisdiction of the Office of Profit Act, the Government of India has doubly assured the public mind of its duplicity”.
(2006)
Answer : The union government passed Office of Profit Act 2006, which clarifies the provisions of disqualification of members of parliament on the basis of holding any ‘office of profit’ while remaining on the post of Member of Parliament. For this the government have been accused of saving some of its party members from disqualification.
The reason for that is that many of MPs belonging to the ruling party were holding offices of profit which is against the ....
Question : “The generalist character of I. A. S is its chief characteristic as well as its chief criticism”. Comment.
(2006)
Answer : The issue of generalist verses specialist is a burning issue in Indian administration. With the advancement in technology and increasing complexity the specialists are needed to cater all the new emerging problems. But in Indian condition where a generalist IAS officer has till now fulfilled his duty perfectly and impartially it is said that generalist administrator is much better suited.
The strongest support for a generalist comes from another generalist i.e. political executive. It is believed ....
Question : “Lok-Ayuktas are judicial institutions without adequate teeth”. Comment.
(2006)
Answer : The role of Lokayukta is to facilitate redressal of public grievances. At the state level, many states have established the institution of Lokayukta. As Donalt Rowat puts it “India has the most populous ombudsman jurisdiction”. Its function is to investigate any action taken by a public servant. But it has an inherent flaw that its role is just advisory and not binding due to which it is sometimes said that Lok-Ayukta are judicial institutions without ....
Question : Critically analyse the functions and role of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment with regard to development of disabled persons in India in not more than 200 words.
(2006)
Answer : The Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment is an apex level institution for all round development of disabled persons in the country. But it’s functioning has generated some criticism also.
There is estimated 2.19 crore disabled persons in India under various categories:
Question : “The Lokayuktas in states have not succeeded in tackling maladministration, while the Bill on Lokpal still faces stiff opposition on the floor of the parliament”. comment.
(2005)
Answer : At the state level many states, as many as twelve, established the institutions of Lokayukta and Uplokayuktas. The appointment of lokayukta and upalokayuktas is made by the governors in most states in consultation with the chief justice of High Court of the states and the Leader of opposition in the Legislative Assembly. The Lokayukta and the upalokaayuktas hold office for a period of 5 years except in Rajasthan wherein the term of office is 3 ....
Question : “Welfare of the people has been a constitutional and legal obligation of the state. Wherein—both the centre and state governments are required to discharge the obligation within available resources”. Does this stand true in context of globalisation?
(2004)
Answer : The overarching goal of the Indian state is to ensure justice—social, economic and political—to its citizens, particularly those who belong to the weaker section of the community. Article 46 provides that the state shall promote with special case the educational and economic upliftment of the weaker sections of the people and in particular of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes and shall protect them from injustice and all forms of exploitation.
But since 1990’s , the ....
Question : “Information technology, if properly used, can bring about sweeping changes in the nature of governance in India”. Discuss the current status and future possibilities about the use of information technology in the governance of India.
(2003)
Answer : The information technology is the convergence of communication with computers. The information technology has tremendous impact on the structure and nature of administration.
India is currently experiencing an information explosion this is due to the dramatic advance of Information Technology, which is sure to affect various aspects of life including public administration. The government and administration in India began to adopt IT since the 1990’s after accepting the policy of liberalization.
IT became an important instrument in ....
Question : “Looking back to our past experience, the fear that the emergency provisions can be misused have at times proved right and wrong at other times”. Discuss with examples.
(2003)
Answer : Federal government means weak govt. because it involves a division of power. Every modern federation, however, has sought to avoid this weakness by providing for the assumption of larger powers by the federal government whenever unified action is necessary by reason of emergent circumstances, internal or external. The constitution itself provides for conferring extraordinary powers upon the union in case of different kinds of emergencies.
The Emergency provision enables the federal govt. to acquire the strength ....
Question : “The size of the Leviathan goes on expanding, despite the country’s recent commitment to downsizing or rightsizing”.
(2003)
Answer : Leviathan is a term used to describe the tendency of the administrative machinery (Bureaucracy) to expand itself for any reason or without any reason to show its powerfulness and influential capacity. Administration in government characterized by red-type, rigidity and insensitivity. Historically bureaucracy is a social invention perfected during the industrial revolution for managing industries.
It is an impersonal routinized structure wherein legitimized authority rests in the office and not in the person of the incumbent. But ....
Question : “A distinctive feature of the Indian Administration since independence, has been the noticeable efforts undertaken to make the administrative system effectively reach and respond to citizen’s grievances’.
(2003)
Answer : In the Indian system, the available remedies against administrative acts might be grouped under administrative, legislative and judicial heads. The administrative remedies against the illegal exercise of power or abuse of authority are the departmental reviews both on complaints made by a citizen or an injured civil servant or on the initiative of the seniors themselves. The government has also established the office of the central vigilance commission to eliminate corruption and other malaise of ....
Question : “NGOs are fast replacing the government in the implementation of a large number of programmes”. Elucidate.
(2003)
Answer : In India, number of development programmes are undertaken every year for welfare administration especially oriented towards poor people. But it has been seen, the poorest rural communities and the urban slumdwellers have been left out in rural development. It reflects the inadequacies and inefficiency on the part of government’s administrative machinery.
It also reflects that government cannot undertake all programmes with equal efficiencies, it needs proper attention has to paid to agencies and people involved in ....
Question : “Women’s development programmes of recent have shifted from welfarist approach to empowerment of women.” Elaborate.
(2002)
Answer : Women represent almost half of the total population of our country. The average literacy among women was 39 percent as against 64% among men. In spite of the social imbalances, these have been considerable improvement in the status of women in India.
In post-independence, constitution of India brought Indian women on par with men. The state can make special provisions for women. Thus, the constitution gives equality to women through its fundamental rights and Directive principle ....
Question : “The machinery for welfare administration at the national and state level trickling down to grassroots becomes meaningless in the context of global constitutionalism”. Discuss.
(2002)
Answer : Welfare administration has a very wide field. In a country like India where there are many social problems closely knitted with economic problems, social welfare should essentially receive high priority.
There have been number of very ambitions programmes launched by the government at both the central and state levels to ameliorate the conditions of the weaker sections. But there have been number of inadequacies in their administration. Making welfare administration reach to grassroots level through trickling ....
Question : “After independence, despite the change in socio-economic and political milieu, the basic features of colonial impact on administration continues to exist in our administrative system”.
(2002)
Answer : There has been continuity in the Indian administration after independence, from the pattern that existed before independence. All the same the political background and the psychological atmosphere and objective of administration have changed completely after independence. The most important reason for this continuity was the sudden and peaceful transfer of power from the British rulers to the Indian people. Another reason was that lakhs of refuees migrated between the two post partition countries, India and ....
Question : “Indian administration is yet fully appreciate and adopts the benefits of the information technology.” Elucidate.
(2001)
Answer : The Government and administration in India began to think seriously for adopting information technology only in 1990s, after accepting the policy of liberalization. The vast changes in the science and technology in the field of IT calls for a new kind of administrative culture, are assuming new dimensions.
Development in IT has had a dramatic impact on overall organization structure and job-design of individual employees. It has led to flattening and down-sizing of today’s organizations, eliminating ....
Question : “Reservation policy and its implementation has had some positive impact in relative terms on the socio-economic development of the SCs and STs but it is very meagre in the absolute terms” comment.
(2000)
Answer : It was pointed out at the outset that our constitution, being consorted by the idea of equality and justice both in the social and political fields, abolishes, any discrimination either against or in favour of any class of persons on the grounds of religion, race or place of birth. It is in pursuance or reservation of seats in the legislation or in the office on the basis of religion. The constitution has abolished repression on ....
Question : Do you agree that globalization, liberalization and privatization policies are going to change the very fabric of Indian Administration? What according to you, are the major challenges before it in the 21st century?
(2000)
Answer : Globalization involves greater role to play in economic reforms. Globalisation is not new phenomenon. It reached its height between 1840 and 1914 and because of protest from the rich countries, ended shortly before the World War I. Globalization has increased the demand for highly skilled worker in the world.
Globalization is nothing but it is the process of attaining economic development of the nation. Globalization plays a major role in the process of economic development.
Liberalisation: Liberalisation ....
Question : A middle way should be worked out to utilize the services of both generalists and specialists for the national development.”
(2000)
Answer : The Generalist-Specialist debate is a peculiarly British phenomenon, the legacy of which continues to influence the structure and behaviour of Indian administration. Despite attempts to brush aside the controversy ever the respective status and role of generalists and specialists in Indian administration, this issue continues to haunt the political and administrative leadership. Most independent observers, therefore, agree that an amicable solution to this problem will be in the best interest of administrative effectiveness in India.
....
Question : “The performance of Lok Ayuktas in the Indian states do not create a very positive impression.” Comment.
(1999)
Answer : The Administrative Reform Commission proposed the set up of Lokayukta at state level. Lokayukta may be empowered to investigate cases of persons at lower level.
Some states have passed Lokayukta and upa-lokayukta but their actual working has shown that some serious hurdles are coming in their efficient working. Magnitude of the problem is so serious and number of complaints so many that one Lokayukta and upa-lokayukta has failed to disposed of these and those are now ....
Question : “It is said that the image and influence of Indian parliament have suffered a serious decline in recent years. How far do you agree with this view-point?
(1999)
Answer : Parliamentary democracy was chosen as the platform for Indian political system basically due to our past colonial inheritance.
Despite the fact that the Indian parliament plays a crucial role as a deliberative and representative assembly, its image and influence have suffered a serious setback in recent years. If we look at the general tendency of legislatures of the world, in the present century, it becomes apparent, with a few exceptions, that they have suffered a perceptible ....
Question : In tune with the winds of administrative change blowing throughout the world, the Indian administration has also taken certain noticeable initiative in administrative restructuring in the nineteen nineties. What are these initiatives and how effective have they been?
(1998)
Answer : The major trend in world’s administrative set up since 1990’s in light of globalisation, liberalisation, privatisation, has also caused certain noticeable initiative in administrative restructuring in Indian administrative system.
Globalisation has assumed a multi-dimensional character encompassing economic, social, political and cultural activities. It incorporates a bundle of different economic, technological, political and ecological processes.
Globalisation refers to processes by which particular societies are getting incorporated into a single worldwide market society. It believes in a global market. ....
Question : “The machinery of administrative tribunals has been provided for the purpose of speedy and cheap justice against official excesses”. Comment.
(1997)
Answer : There has been phenomenal increase in the functions of the government, which has lent enormous powers to the executive and also led to increase in the legislative output. This has led to litigations restrictions, on the freedom of the individuals and constant frictions between them and the authority. Administrative tribunals have emerged not only in India but in many other countries with the objective of providing a new type of justice- public good oriented justice.
The ....
Question : “The word ‘police’ in the title of the Central Reserve Police Force and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police is a misnomer”. Comment.
(1997)
Answer : A state’s existence depends basically on security and stability. This involves protection from external aggression and maintenance of internal peace and order. For this purpose, the state should be equipped, first with adequate defence service in military forces of all kinds and modern weapon. The task of defence should be given priority over the needs.
Second, maintenance of law and order, internal peace and security gains primary importance as a vital function of the state. To ....
Question : “The word ‘police’ in the title of the Central Reserve Police Force and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police is a misnomer”. Comment.
(1997)
Answer : A state’s existence depends basically on security and stability. This involves protection from external aggression and maintenance of internal peace and order. For this purpose, the state should be equipped, first with adequate defence service in military forces of all kinds and modern weapon. The task of defence should be given priority over the needs.
Second, maintenance of law and order, internal peace and security gains primary importance as a vital function of the state. To ....
Question : Trace the origin of the Lokayukta Plan and comment on its working.
(1997)
Answer : Indian constitution though creates checks and balances to provide redress to the citizens via the legislature and the judiciary, yet in practices these are not enough and cannot be approached easily. Therefore the need for creating an ombudsman type institution was felt to provide the aggrieved citizen easy, cheap and timely redressal of his grievances.
The demand for the establishment of such an institution was first made in India by K. M. Munshi, an M. P, ....
Question : “The constitutional provision for the appointment of Special Officer for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes is more investigative than executive in orientation.” Comment.
(1996)
Answer : National Commission for SCs and STs was constituted in pursuance of the constitution 65th Amendment Act, 1990, with wide functions and powers. The functions of the commission are more investigative than executive. The major function of the commission as such are to investigate and monitor all matters relating to the safeguards provided for the SCs under the constitution, to enquire into specific complaints with respect to the deprivation of rights and safeguards of the Scheduled ....
Question : “Between social background and administrative culture it is the latter that has a dominating influence on integrity in administration in Indian situation.” Review the statement in the light of research findings in this area.
(1995)
Answer : Integrity is ‘soundness of moral principles; the character of uncorrupted virtue; uprightness; honesty; sincerity.’ Deviation from moral standards or lack of integrity takes various shapes in the form of corruption, patronage and undue influence etc. India is a plural society where there is a deep impact of social backgrounds of administrators on this integrity, but it’s the administrative culture which has evolved through times and which clearly defines integrity in administration in India.
Administrative culture in ....
Question : “The emphasis of women’s development programmes has in recent years shifted from a purely welfare and consumption-oriented one to a realistic one which recognize women as contributors to the country’s economy.” Elaborate.
(1995)
Answer : Women represent almost half of the total population of our country. The average literacy rate in women is nearly 40% as compared to the 72% of men. In spite of the social imbalances, there has been considerable improvement in the status of women in India. It is said that during Vedic period women used to be learned, cultured and enjoyed equal status with men in society but in later years many evil customs like Sati, ....
