​The Dutch

In March 1602, by a charter of the Dutch parliament, the Dutch East India Company was formed with powers to make wars, settle treaties, acquire territories and build fortresses.

  • The Dutch finally defeated the Portuguese in 1661 and captured the entire Malabar region. They now became the masters of the pepper trade and gained huge profits by selling pepper, named the Black Gold in Europe.
  • The Dutch set up factories at Masulipatam (1605), Pulicat (1609), Surat (1616), Karikal (1645), Chinsura (1653), Kasimbazar, Baranagore, Patna, Balasore, Negapatam (all in 1658) and Cochin (1663).
  • The defeat of theDutchinthe Battle of Bedara (1759) in ....
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