Kigali Amendment
- The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer entered into force on 1 January 2019, following ratification by 65 countries.
- It will help reduce the production and consumption of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), potent greenhouse gases (GHGs), and thus to avoid global warming by up to 0.4°C this century.
Need
- The need for the Amendment emerged from the 1987 Montreal Protocol process, which controls ozone-depleting substances.
- With HFCs’ use as an alternative to ozone-depleting substances in cooling equipment, their role in warming the atmosphere became a greater concern.
- In 2016, the Parties to the Montreal Protocol adopted ....
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Prelims Special
- 1 National Level Efforts towards Disaster Management
- 2 Global Level Efforts towards Disaster Management
- 3 Other Major National and International Initiatives to Control Pollution
- 4 Government Initiatives to Control Air Pollution
- 5 Air Pollution
- 6 International Measures to Control Water Pollution
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- 10 India’s Recent Efforts towards Sustainable Development
- 11 Global Initiatives towards Sustainable Development
- 12 Pillars of Sustainability
- 13 Global Biodiversity Outlook
- 14 Global Wildlife Program
- 15 National Wildlife Action Plan
- 16 UN Biodiversity Summit 2020
- 17 Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing
- 18 Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
- 19 Convention on Biological Diversity
- 20 National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan
- 21 Biological Diversity Act 2002
- 22 United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
- 23 Carbon Pricing
- 24 National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change
- 25 Green Bonds
- 26 Energy Savings Certificates
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- 28 Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC), 2017
- 29 National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
- 30 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
- 31 Climate Change Performance Index
- 32 Global Solar Council
- 33 Montreal Protocol
- 34 Vienna Convention for the Protection of Ozone Layer
- 35 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
- 36 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
- 37 UJALA Scheme
- 38 International Solar Alliance (ISA)
- 39 Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana
- 40 Atal Mission for Rejuvenation & Urban Transformation (AMRUT)
- 41 FAME India Scheme
- 42 National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- 43 India State of Forests Report, 2019
- 44 National Compensatory Afforestation Fund Management and Planning Authority (NCAFMPA)
- 45 Bonn Convention
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- 50 Wetland (Conservation and Management) Rules 2010
- 51 National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-System
- 52 Scheduled Tribes And Other Traditional Forest Dwellers Act, 2006
- 53 Forest Conservation Act 1980
- 54 Wildlife protection act 1972
- 55 National Water Policy
- 56 National Environment Policy
- 57 National Forest Policy
