What are India’s primary challenges towards achieving net-zero target by 2070?

According to the Economic Survey 2023-24, achieving the Net Zero emissions target by 2070 requires an orderly transition to a diversified mix of energy sources with a significant share of non-fossils and enhancement in energy production and usage efficiency.

The Survey noted that India faces host of challenges in meeting its energy demands while reducing carbon emissions.

India’s Key Challenges towards Achieving Net-Zero Target

Over-dependence on Coal

According to the Ministry of Power, energy generated from coal accounted for about 77.01 per cent of the total generation of energy followed by electricity from hydro, nuclear and other renewable energy sources at 7.6 per cent and natural gas at 6.8 per cent.

T&D Losses

High transmission and distribution (T&D) losses, which have plagued distribution companies (discoms) for decades, prevent them from making decisive investments to support renewable energy, keeping them locked into existing fleet of coal-fired power plants.

Huge Finance

The government’s plan to add 50 GW of renewable capacity per year, from FY24 to FY28, will need trillions of dollars.
Access to low-cost financing is imperative for materialization of the ambitious goals.

Technological Barriers

India lacks the technology and infrastructure needed for such a massive transition to clean energy and sustainability. New technologies require significant research and development expertise.

Renewable Waste Recycling

Renewable waste recycling is another challenge. According to the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India's solar waste could reach a staggering 600 kilotonnes by 2030, posing a significant risk to the environment and human health.