4D Printing

4D printing is an upgrade to 3D printing in which special materials are used to print objects whose shapes alter after they are produced.

  • It requires stimuli or triggers, such as moisture, temperature, light, electrical current, tension, pH, etc. to begin transformation.
  • Hydrogels, thermoresponsive, photo- and magnetoresponsive, piezoelectric materials, pH-responsive, and other materials are used.
  • Properties: Self-assembly, self-adaptability, self-healing, shape memory, self-capability etc.
  • Printing techniques: Similar to ones used in 3D such as fused deposition modelling (FDM), jet 3D printing (3DP), selective laser melting (SLM), direct ink writing (DIW), electron beam melting (EBM), etc.
  • Applications: Medical, biotechnology, robotics, automobiles, ....
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